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Phase I clinical trials in thoracic surgery have demonstrated that IFI with second window indocyanine green (TumorGlow<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) can identify subcentimeter pulmonary nodules, anterior mediastinal masses, and mesothelioma, while the use of a folate receptor\u2010targeted near\u2010infrared agent, OTL38, can improve the specificity for diagnosing tumors with folate receptor expression. 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