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From histological and immunological studies, and mostly from recent clinical studies in breast cancer, the following practical recommendations are made: (1) Clinically positive axillary nodes are best eliminated by surgery. (2) Resection of positive internal mammary nodes appears to increase survival of patients with central and inner quadrant lesions; however, destruction of these nodes by irradiation, although improving local disease control, may decrease survival. (3) Negative RLN should be preserved, as they appear to prevent lymph node metastases and stimulate systemic immunity. Only a small fraction of unresected RLN harboring micrometastases will ultimately develop palpable disease, and their elimination at that late phase yields the same results as when these nodes are treated prophylactically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930250403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,20]],"date-time":"2007-02-20T09:05:25Z","timestamp":1171962325000},"page":"232-239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The contribution of regional lymph nodes in the resistance against breast cancer: Practical implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Anaxagoras","family":"Papaioannou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1954.0054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1954.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196602000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197105)27:5<1001::AID-CNCR2820270502>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910090109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910140206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1969.0090"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"1125","article-title":"The role of the spleen in the immunity to a chemically induced sarcoma in C3H mice","volume":"29","author":"Bard DS","year":"1969","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"1379","article-title":"The role of the regional lymph nodes in the immunity to a chemically induced sarcoma in C3H mice","volume":"29","author":"Bard DS","year":"1969","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"102","article-title":"Inhibition of tumor growth by syngeneic spleen cell transfer","volume":"17","author":"Fisher JC","year":"1966","journal-title":"Surg Forum"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197206)29:6<1496::AID-CNCR2820290613>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197508)36:2<521::AID-CNCR2820360231>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"437","article-title":"Enhanced killer cell activities by progressive tumor growth","volume":"22","author":"Lopez DM","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Reticuloendothel Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"543","article-title":"Survival in breast cancer cases in relation to structure of primary tumor and regional lymph nodes","volume":"100","author":"Black MM","year":"1955","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Sinus histiocytosis of lymph nodes in cancer","volume":"106","author":"Black MM","year":"1958","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"549","article-title":"In vitro studies of axillary lymph node cells in patients with breast cancer","volume":"54","author":"Tsakraklides E","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1966.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197304)31:4<860::AID-CNCR2820310415>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","volume-title":"Tumor Immunity in Prognosis","author":"Tsakraklides V","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"908","article-title":"Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (Protocol No. 4) VI","volume":"46","author":"Fisher ER","year":"1980","journal-title":"Discriminants for five\u2010year treatment failure. 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