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Spine\u2010related disorders are also significant health concerns for canine companions with etiopathogeneses, clinical presentations, and diagnostic and therapeutic options that are very similar to their human counterparts. Historically, induced and spontaneous pathology in laboratory rodents, dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used for study of human spine disorders. While each of these can serve as useful preclinical models, they all have inherent limitations. Spontaneously occurring spine disorders in dogs provide highly translatable data that overcome many of the limitations of other models and have the added benefit of contributing to veterinary healthcare as well. For this scoping review, peer\u2010reviewed manuscripts were selected from PubMed and Google Scholar searches using keywords: \u201cintervertebral disc,\u201d \u201cintervertebral disc degeneration,\u201d \u201cbiomarkers,\u201d \u201chistopathology,\u201d \u201ccanine,\u201d and \u201cmechanism.\u201d Additional keywords such as \u201cinjury,\u201d \u201cinduced model,\u201d and \u201cnucleus degeneration\u201d were used to further narrow inclusion. The objectives of this review were to (a) outline similarities in key features of spine disorders between dogs and humans; (b) describe relevant canine models; and (c) highlight the applicability of these models for advancing translational research and clinical application for mechanisms of disease, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment, with a focus on intervertebral disc degeneration. Best current evidence suggests that dogs share important anatomical, physiological, histological, and molecular components of spinal disorders in humans, such that induced and spontaneous canine models can be very effective for translational research. Taken together, the peer\u2010reviewed literature supports numerous advantages for use of canine models for study of disorders of the spine when the potential limitations and challenges are addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T06:50:30Z","timestamp":1595314230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Canine models of spine disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5399-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi N.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Comparative Medicine Program University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob S.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6403-3969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Stoker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4755-867X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantelle C.","family":"Bozynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristi R.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Stannard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9194-8563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore J.","family":"Choma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-995X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James L.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.08.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200703000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31591-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4498"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e16ae2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.3.FOCUS14112"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23741"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2011.01861.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2000.tb00421.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01002.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.e7952"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomlinson J. 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