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Clinical hypertrophic LF is characterized by a loss of elastic fibers and increase in collagen fibers, resulting in fibrotic thickening and scar formation. In this study, we created an injury model to test the hypothesis that LF needle scrape injury in the rat will result in hypertrophy of the LF characterized by altered tissue geometry, matrix organization, composition and inflammation. An initial pilot study was conducted to evaluate effect of needle size. Results indicate that LF needle scrape injury using a 22G needle produced upregulation of the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine\n                    <jats:italic>Il6<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 1\u2009week post injury, and increased expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Ctgf<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Tgfb1<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 8\u2009weeks post injury, along with persistent presence of infiltrating macrophages at 1, 3, and 8\u2009weeks post injury. LF integrity was also altered, evidenced by increases in LF tissue thickness and loss of elastic tissue by 8\u2009weeks post injury. Persistent LF injury also produced multi\u2010joint effects in the lumbar IVD, including disc height loss at the injury and adjacent to injury level, with degenerative IVD changes observed in the adjacent level. These results demonstrate that LF scrape injury in the rat produces structural and molecular features of LF hypertrophy and IVD height and histological changes, dependent on level. This model may be useful for testing of therapeutic interventions for treatment of LSS and IVD degeneration associated with LF hypertrophy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T01:41:30Z","timestamp":1684374090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["An in vivo model of ligamentum flavum hypertrophy from early\u2010stage inflammation to fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8504-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin G.","family":"Burt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Columbia University  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6173-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan C.","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9655-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Lisiewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Columbia University  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis F.","family":"Amorosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ridgewood Orthopaedic Group  Ridgewood New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0478-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadeen O.","family":"Chahine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Columbia University  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University  New York New York 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