{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:44:07Z","timestamp":1790963047028,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000142","name":"Arthritis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major contributor to back pain and disability. The cause of IVD degeneration is multifactorial, with no disease\u2010modifying treatments. Mouse models are commonly used to study IVD degeneration; however, the effects of anatomical location, strain, and sex on the progression of age\u2010associated degeneration are poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A longitudinal study was conducted to characterize age\u2010, anatomical\u2010, and sex\u2010specific differences in IVD degeneration in two commonly used strains of mice, C57BL\/6 and CD\u20101. Histopathological evaluation of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and caudal regions of mice at 6, 12, 20, and 24\u2009months of age was conducted by two blinded observers at each IVD for the nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF), and the NP\/AF boundary compartments, enabling analysis of scores by tissue compartment, summed scores for each IVD, or averaged scores for each anatomical region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>C57BL\/6 mice displayed mild IVD degeneration until 24\u2009months of age; at this point, the lumbar spine demonstrated the most degeneration compared to other regions. Degeneration was detected earlier in the CD\u20101 mice (20\u2009months of age) in both the thoracic and lumbar spine. In CD\u20101 mice, moderate to severe degeneration was noted in the cervical spine at all time points assessed. In both strains, age\u2010associated IVD degeneration in the thoracic and lumbar spine was associated with increased histopathological scores in all IVD compartments. In both strains, minimal degeneration was detected in caudal IVDs out to 24\u2009months of age. Both C57BL\/6 and CD\u20101 mice displayed sex\u2010specific differences in the presentation and progression of age\u2010associated IVD degeneration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results showed that the progression and severity of age\u2010associated degeneration in mouse models is associated with marked differences based on anatomical region, sex, and strain. This information provides a fundamental baseline characterization for users of mouse models to enable effective and appropriate experimental design, interpretation, and comparison between studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T23:04:55Z","timestamp":1701644695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparative histopathological analysis of age\u2010associated intervertebral disc degeneration in <scp>CD\u20101<\/scp> and <scp>C57BL\/6<\/scp> mice: Anatomical and sex\u2010based differences"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2011-389X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry The Bone and Joint 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