{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:50:23Z","timestamp":1792669823158,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81772293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81772293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Lenke classification system is widely utilized as the preoperative evaluation protocol for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, manual measurement is susceptible to observer\u2010induced variability, which consequently impacts the evaluation of progression. The goal of this investigation was to develop an automated Lenke classification system utilizing innovative deep learning algorithms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the database from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University, the whole spinal x\u2010rays images were retrospectively collected. Specifically, images collection was divided into AIS and control group. The control group consisted of individuals who underwent routine health checks and did not have scoliosis. Afterwards, relative features of all images were annotated. Deep learning was implemented through the utilization of the key\u2010point based detection method to realize the vertebral detection, and Cobb angle measurement and scoliosis classification were performed based on relevant standards. Besides, the segmentation method was employed to achieve the recognition of lumbar vertebral pedicle to determine the type of lumbar spine modifier. Finally, the model performance was further quantitatively analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the study, a total of 2082 spinal x\u2010ray images were collected from 407 AIS patients and 227 individuals in the control group. The model for vertebral detection achieved an F1\u2010score of 0.809 for curve type evaluation and an F1\u2010score of 0.901 for thoracic sagittal profile. The intraclass correlation efficient (ICC) of the Cobb angle measurement was 0.925. In the analysis of performance for vertebra pedicle segmentation model, the F1\u2010score of lumbar modification profile was 0.942, the intersection over union (IOU) of the target pixels was 0.827, and the Hausdorff distance (HD) was 6.565\u2009\u00b1\u20092.583\u2009mm. Specifically, the F1\u2010score for ultimate Lenke type classifier was 0.885.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study has constructed an automated Lenke classification system by employing the deep learning networks to achieve the recognition pattern and feature extraction. Our models require further validation in additional cases in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T08:34:55Z","timestamp":1714466095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Automatic Lenke classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Baolin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou Guangdong China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanghao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of 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