{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:37:18Z","timestamp":1789749438173,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AT010326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AT010326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24 AT011978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24 AT011978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Degeneration of both intervertebral discs (IVDs) and facet joints in the lumbar spine has been associated with low back pain, but whether and how IVD\/joint degeneration contributes to pain remains an open question. Joint degeneration can be identified by pairing T1 and T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with analysis techniques such as Pfirrmann grades (IVD degeneration) and Fujiwara scores (facet degeneration). However, these grades are subjective, prompting the need to develop an automated technique to enhance inter\u2010rater reliability. This study introduces an automated convolutional neural network (CNN) technique trained on clinical MRI images of IVD and facet joints obtained from public\u2010access Lumbar Spine MRI Dataset. The primary goal of the automated system is to classify health of lumbar discs and facet joints according to Pfirrmann and Fujiwara grading systems and to enhance inter\u2010rater reliability associated with these grading systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Performance of the CNN on both the Pfirrmann and Fujiwara scales was measured by comparing the percent agreement, Pearson's correlation and Fleiss kappa value for results from the classifier to the grades assigned by an expert grader.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CNN demonstrates comparable performance to human graders for both Pfirrmann and Fujiwara grading systems, but with larger errors in Fujiwara grading. The CNN improves the reliability of the Pfirrmann system, aligning with previous findings for IVD assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study highlights the potential of using deep learning in classifying the IVD and facet joint health, and due to the high variability in the Fujiwara scoring system, highlights the need for improved imaging and scoring techniques to evaluate facet joint health. All codes required to use the automatic grading routines described herein are available in the Data Repository for University of Minnesota (DRUM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T16:05:31Z","timestamp":1721059531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Automated <scp>magnetic resonance imaging<\/scp>\u2010based grading of the lumbar intervertebral disc and facet joints"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Nikpasand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill M.","family":"Middendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore 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