{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:49:23Z","timestamp":1786978163411,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is known that neuroanatomical and neurofunctional changes observed in the brain, brainstem and cerebellum play a role in the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This study aimed to investigate whether volumetric measurements of brain regions can be used as predictive indicators for AIS through machine learning techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with a severe degree of curvature in AIS (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200932) and healthy individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200931) were enrolled in the study. Volumetric data from 169 brain regions, acquired from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of these individuals, were utilized as predictive factors. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using the twelve most prevalent machine learning algorithms, encompassing thorough parameter adjustments and cross\u2010validation processes. Furthermore, the findings related to variable significance are presented.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among all the algorithms evaluated, the random forest algorithm produced the most favorable results in terms of various classification metrics, including accuracy (0.9083), AUC (0.993), f1\u2010score (0.970), and Brier score (0.1256). Additionally, the most critical variables were identified as the volumetric measurements of the right corticospinal tract, right corpus callosum body, right corpus callosum splenium, right cerebellum, and right pons, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The outcomes of this study indicate that volumetric measurements of specific brain regions can serve as reliable indicators of AIS. In conclusion, the developed model and the significant variables discovered hold promise for predicting scoliosis development, particularly in high\u2010risk individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T07:20:20Z","timestamp":1721028020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prediction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with machine learning algorithms using brain volumetric measurements"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1629-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Payas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy Amasya University  Amasya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5971-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hikmet","family":"Kocaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University  Karaman Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4582-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kamil \u00d6zda\u011f Science, Department of Mathematics Karamano\u011flu Mehmetbey University  Karaman Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0078-5122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabri","family":"Bat\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Traumatology Department Kayseri City Education and Training Hospital  Kayseri Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.FOCUS17297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2015.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-014-0021-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000002300"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.12.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586\u2010023\u201007948\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1243-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097461"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical brain volume alterations following endurance running at 38.6 km and 119.2 km in male athletes","volume":"27","author":"Singin RHO","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.1938386.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001381"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0148-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101220"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-020-02258-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1958.tb00292.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1992.10475879"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","volume-title":"Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation","author":"Haykin S","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176347963"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team A, Team RC","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"KuhnM WickhamH.Tidymodels: a collection of packages for modeling and machine learning using tidyverse principles. Boston MA USA.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-018-0163-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture and Gait","author":"Massion J","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77064-2_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2017.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200101010-00010"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Can adolescent idiopathic scoliosis be associated with visual impairment?","volume":"45","author":"Bat\u0131n S","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Pract Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/524096","article-title":"Corticospinal tract change during motor recovery in patients with medulla infarct: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"2014","author":"Rong D","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249492"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","first-page":"552","volume-title":"Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis","author":"Schmidt RA","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125547"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","volume-title":"The Human Nervous System","author":"Mai JK","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360413"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3435-3"}],"container-title":["JOR SPINE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsp2.1355","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T01:02:53Z","timestamp":1727312573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jsp2.1355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jsp2.1355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsp2.1355","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2572-1143","2572-1143"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2572-1143","type":"print"},{"value":"2572-1143","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1355"}}