{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:36:59Z","timestamp":1783723019087,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scoliosis, characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine, affects millions globally. The role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of scoliosis is increasingly acknowledged, yet their causal relationships remain poorly defined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to explore the genetic\u2010level causal relationships between inflammatory cytokines and scoliosis utilizing bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study leverages genetic data from public Genome\u2010Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Bidirectional MR was employed to investigate the causal relationships between 44 inflammatory cytokines and scoliosis. The inflammatory cytokine data include 8293 Finnish individuals, while the scoliosis data consist of 165\u2009850 participants of European descent, including 1168 scoliosis cases and 164\u2009682 controls. Causal links were assessed using the inverse variance\u2010weighted method, supplemented by MR\u2010Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode analyses. Heterogeneity and pleiotropy were assessed using standard tests, with sensitivity analysis conducted through leave\u2010one\u2010out analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our analysis demonstrated a significant causal association between the cytokine Resistin (RETN) and the development of scoliosis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024, OR 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.344 [1.039\u20131.739]). No other cytokines among the 44 studied showed significant associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings highlight the critical role of RETN in scoliosis progression and underscore the complex interplay of genetic and inflammatory pathways. Further research is needed to explore additional biomarkers and their mechanisms in scoliosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides evidence of a significant causal relationship between RETN and scoliosis, emphasizing its potential as a therapeutic target. These findings contribute to understanding scoliosis pathogenesis and pave the way for future research on inflammation\u2010related pathways and therapies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T11:37:16Z","timestamp":1733917036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigating the causal links between inflammatory cytokines and scoliosis through bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9315-177X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muradil","family":"Mardan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Center Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine  Shanghai 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