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Regenerative, biomaterial\u2010based approaches for tissue augmentation, while showing preclinical promise, have consistently failed to meet the extreme mechanical demands of the intervertebral disc, impeding their clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we introduce a novel annulus repair strategy that employs the mechanical interpenetration of a non\u2010woven PET scaffold into intervertebral disc tissue to resist reherniation. We investigate the efficacy in preventing herniations under compression using a bovine explant model and validate its performance in a pilot in\u00a0vivo study in a goat cervical spine injury model. Healing and scaffold integration are assessed over 4 weeks using computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and histopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrate that this approach effectively prevents mechanically induced herniation. In\u00a0vivo, the scaffold interpenetration enables biological integration at 4\u2009weeks post\u2010surgery, with no evidence of scaffold migration or disc degeneration. The scaffold supports matrix deposition and cell infiltration, with no observed endplate pathologies or osteolysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight a promising combination of biomechanical reliability and favorable histological outcomes, underscoring the potential of this technology for advancing toward human clinical applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T02:45:38Z","timestamp":1738896338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Annulus Fibrosus Repair via Interpenetration of a Non\u2010Woven Scaffold Supports Tissue Integration and Prevents Re\u2010Herniation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Esteban D.","family":"Ongini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Balgrist  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Biomechanics ETH Z\u00fcrich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Corporal Michael J. 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Crescenz VA Medical Center  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Moehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zurimed Technologies AG  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Peredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonal","family":"Mahindroo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Bonaventure University  St. Bonaventure New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Hilliard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Schaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Mauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0488-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harvey E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Corporal Michael J. 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