{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:41:56Z","timestamp":1792190516539,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AR076725\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AR076725\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST), also known as psychophysical testing, includes standardized methods for assessing humans' perceptions of different types of sensory stimuli and their associated pain thresholds. QST results can be used to estimate altered or atypical sensory processing and thus can be useful for determining pain mechanisms such as nociplastic or central nervous system\u2010mediated pain. The University of Pittsburgh Mechanistic Research Center, entitled, \u201cLow Back Pain: Biological, Biomechanical, Behavioral Phenotypes (LB\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      P),\u201d is part of the National Institutes of Health's Helping to End Addiction Long\u2010term Initiative. LB\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      P conducted a prospective, observational cohort study to identify phenotypes of over 1000 participants with cLBP. QST was conducted on these participants as part of comprehensive data collection. This article reports on the results of the QST procedures performed at the initial in\u2010person enrollment visit.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four QST procedures were administered to participants of the LB\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      P study at their enrollment visit: (1) Pressure Pain Thresholds (PPT) over the participant\u2010reported site of lumbar pain (paraspinals) and a control site (trapezius) using an analog algometer; (2) Temporal Summation (TS) over the lumbar pain and control sites (forearm) using a Neuropen with a 40\u2010g monofilament; (3) Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) using a cold water (5\u00b0C) immersion tank; and (4) Cold Water Tolerance time. A subset of LB\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      P participants was excluded from the CPM and cold\u2010water immersion procedures due to medical comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and diabetic neuropathy. Means and standard deviations (SDs) were calculated from three trials of PPT and TS, two trials of CPM, and one trial of cold\u2010water immersion time. TS was calculated by subtracting the numeric pain scores (0\u201310 scale) of the first from the 10th pinpricks. CPM was calculated by subtracting the mean trapezius algometer readings during the PPT procedure from those of the trapezius PPT during cold\u2010water immersion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The final cohort of QST participants was 999 adults. The mean\/SD of lumbar and trapezius PPTs was 4.6 (2.4) and 4.4 (1.9)\u2009kg\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively. The mean\/SD of lumbar and forearm TS was 1.6 (2.0) and 1.2 (1.8). Lingering pain after the 10th pinprick (after\u2010sensations) was reported by 19.3% and 15.6% of participants after a series of 10 pinpricks was applied to the lumbar pain site and control site, respectively. The mean\/SD CPM was 0.9 (1.2) with a wide range of CPM values from \u22122.9 to 5.9. The cold\u2010water tolerance test resulted in a bimodal distribution, with 83% of participants having an average immersion time of 30\u2009s and the remaining 17% reaching the maximum immersion time of 180\u2009s.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      QST data were collected from a large cohort of individuals with cLBP who participated in the LB\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      P observational study. The QST results provide reference values for persons living with cLBP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T15:29:09Z","timestamp":1755617349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantitative Sensory Testing in an Observational Cohort of Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Chiropractic Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 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