{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:02:17Z","timestamp":1789441337123,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001773","name":"University of New South Wales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One of the significant putative causes of low back pain (LBP) is degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD). Degenerated discs exhibit loss of proteoglycans, notably aggrecan, leading to mechanical dysfunction and aberrant nerve ingrowth. This pathological innervation results in the proliferation of nociceptive and mechanoreceptive neurons, significantly contributing to persistent pain. A critical therapeutic target is the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which serves as a key neural hub for nociceptive signaling and neurogenic inflammation. Increased calcium influx through voltage\u2010gated calcium channels within DRG neurons underpins heightened neuronal excitability, facilitating persistent pain transmission. Recent evidence highlights the promising role of bioactive peptides derived from reptilian and insect venoms as potent calcium channel blockers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This conceptual review explores published evidence and mechanistic rationale on naturally occurring toxins and venoms as peptide calcium channel blockers for chronic LBP. We considered DRG targeted mechanisms and delivery approaches, including incorporation into biomimetic proteoglycans for localized, sustained intradiscal release, and their use along conventional nerve block procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Venom derived peptide families including \u03c9\u2010conotoxins from cone snail and Tx3\u2010family spider peptides from Phoneutria nigriventer selectively block neuronal calcium channels (notably Ca\n                      <jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\n                      2.2), thereby reducing the release of neurotransmitters that propogate pain signals. Alongside these antinocicpetive effects, the targeted mechanism of action and directed modalities of these peptides offer a novel therapeutic approach with potential advantages over tradiitonal analgesics, which often present challenges related to tolerance and systemic side effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Naturally occurring bioactive peptide calcium channel blockers delivered either directly to the DRG or through a multifaceted therapeutic approach with biomimetic proteoglycans into the IVD or conventional nerve block procedures into the epidural space resents a promising future direction in managing chronic LBP. This approach warrants further pre\u2010clinical and clinical evaluation to clarify clinical utility, potentially transforming pain management paradigms and significantly reducing healthcare burdens associated with chronic spinal disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T11:40:46Z","timestamp":1755258046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Conceptual Review of Naturally Occurring Toxins and Venoms as Peptide Blockers to Combat Chronic Low Back Pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Melrose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Kolling Institute, Sydney University Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Sydney Area Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital  St. Leonards New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering The University of New South Wales  Kensington, Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1675-1496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stone","family":"Sima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Labs, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George &amp; Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales  Kogarah, Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Labs, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George &amp; Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales  Kogarah, Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George &amp; Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales  Kogarah, Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1037-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish","family":"Diwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Labs, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George &amp; Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales  Kogarah, Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George &amp; Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales  Kogarah, Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Spinal Unit, Discipline of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine The University of Adelaide &amp; The Royal Adelaide Hospital  North Terrace, Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7153-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zi","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering University of New South Wales  Kensington, Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12216907"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632\u2010200206150\u201000007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1231"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586\u2010022\u201007235\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586\u2010018\u20105652\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000972"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000318"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph9040072"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S348324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.113020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"671","article-title":"Low Back Pain","volume":"81","author":"Ehrlich G.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00187-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/101053950301500202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1098100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218770769"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"Institue for Health Metrics and Evaluation \u201cGlobal Burden of 369 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 \u201d (2019) https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd\u2010results\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815b64d2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6465-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2012.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2023.2293570"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25834"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","article-title":"Association Between Non\u2010Spinal Comorbid Medical Conditions and Neuropathic Low Back Pain.\u2013A Further Unravelling of Pain Complexities in the Context of Back Pain","volume":"15","author":"Sima S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Global Spine Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2024.2339285"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-024-08185-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-024-08156-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000058717.43888.B9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2021.672891"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01227.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP283335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.79B1.0790147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199910150-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199606010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100120206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199512150-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01332.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199812000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4459-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4037-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632\u2010199604150\u201000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2024.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031762"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-012-0209-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002846"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S26603"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000408"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200607000-00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094877"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2022.102591"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.015605"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101693"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2016.1162295"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121619"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586\u2010023\u201007672\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep166"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1138933"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12591"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896\u20106273(00)80510\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018\u2010013\u20101550\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018\u2010003\u20102240\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.16.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2321447121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2320505121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9120722"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2432656"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.10.030187.003221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a003947"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W.Catterall E.Perez\u2010Reyes T. P.Snutch andJ.Striessnig \u201cVoltage\u2010Gated Calcium Channels (CaV). IUPHAR\/BPS Guide to Pharmacology: An Expert Curated Resource of Pharmacological Targets and the Substances That Act on Them \u201d(2023) GtoPdb v.2023.1. IUPHAR\/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2218\/gtopdb\/F80\/2023.1.","DOI":"10.2218\/gtopdb\/F80\/2023.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3556-7_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.57.4.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568007043336743"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152706779025535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916\u2010024\u201001265\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010002\u20101217\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/chan.4.6.12869"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.63.070194.004135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81057-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(97)00086-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBB.0000008022.50702.1a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2006.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00066-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-06-01895.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600515"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13906"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22\u201006\u201002023.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.073205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1801-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-14-63-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0152"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201038828\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090589"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19321"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201043502\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.245118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002252200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209969200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.35.040195.003423"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678\u20109199\u2010JVATITD\u20102021\u20100001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201003699\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.087023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02247-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-016-1801-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.09.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md403119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(14)70183\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87895-7_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)39364-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/366156a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/emed.2023.00126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md15100313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1021836403433"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1069764"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041\u20100101(93)90354\u2010l"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028\u20103908(99)00267\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240050670"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11311060005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14386"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107826"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119223"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29071544"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197\u20100186(02)00130\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2019.101980"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/958797"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2026.2001.00174.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61688-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2008.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.924023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106978"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706778742954"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866525666180614114307"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2021.1922386"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586\u2010025\u201008715\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(10)60354\u20106"}],"container-title":["JOR SPINE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsp2.70107","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jsp2.70107","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jsp2.70107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T02:05:15Z","timestamp":1789437915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jsp2.70107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jsp2.70107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsp2.70107","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2572-1143","2572-1143"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2572-1143","type":"print"},{"value":"2572-1143","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70107"}}