{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:02:23Z","timestamp":1789441343051,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82072496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020206608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020206608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2024206016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2024206016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preclinical animal models are indispensable for the development of new therapeutic strategies and the study of the pathological mechanisms of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). This study aims to develop a reliable and reproducible rat model of IVDD by injecting advanced glycation end products (AGEs) into the IVD of ovariectomized rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010eight female Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were allocated into the 31G needle group, vehicle group, 0.5\u2009\u03bcg AGEs group, 1\u2009\u03bcg AGEs group, 2\u2009\u03bcg AGEs group, 4\u2009\u03bcg AGEs group, and non\u2010ovariectomy group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094). The coccygeal discs of the 31G needle group were punctured only, while the coccygeal discs of the vehicle group were injected with 1\u2009\u03bcL PBS. The coccygeal discs of the AGEs groups underwent injection of AGEs at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4\u2009\u03bcg, respectively. The coccygeal discs of the non\u2010ovariectomy group were injected with 2\u2009\u03bcg AGEs. Rats in all groups, except for the non\u2010ovariectomy group, underwent bilateral ovariectomy. Two weeks later, the rat caudal models were evaluated using radiological examination, histological staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No signs of IVDD were found by radiological imaging, histology, or IHC in the 31G needle group or the vehicle group. By contrast, in the 0.5, 1, 2, and 4\u2009\u03bcg AGEs groups, caudal IVDD was successfully established and the IVDD severity is increasing in a dose\u2010dependent manner. Compared with the 2\u2009\u03bcg AGEs group, rats in the non\u2010ovariectomized group showed less IVDD, indicating the protective effect of endogenous estrogen on degenerative IVD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single injection of AGEs to caudal discs can cause reliable and reproducible IVDD in ovariectomized female rats. Additionally, the endogenous estrogen might have a protective effect on the IVD to mitigate the degeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:19:22Z","timestamp":1757438362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advanced Glycation End Products Induce Caudal Disc Degeneration in Ovariectomized Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Hebei Medical University Third Hospital  Shijiazhuang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Hebei General Hospital  Shijiazhuang People's Republic of 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2342-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Hebei Medical University Third Hospital  Shijiazhuang People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Hebei International Joint Research Centre for Spinal Diseases  Shijiazhuang People's Republic of 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