{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T03:06:37Z","timestamp":1780110397377,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002069","name":"Fraternal Order of Eagles","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stability of the spine and intervertebral disc (IVD) integrity is enabled by the highly organized fibrocartilaginous annulus fibrosus (AF). The shear properties of the AF are important in maintaining IVD integrity. AF shear mechanics in degenerative disc (DD) remain underexplored, especially in comparing minimally degenerative (non\u2010DD) and symptomatic DD individuals. This study measured tissue mechanical properties (AF simple shear modulus and dynamic shear properties) and examined structure (with optical coherence tomography (OCT)) in surgical DD and non\u2010DD control individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Whole AF tissue samples were collected from non\u2010DD donors (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913) and DD surgical individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200930). Two anterior outer AF (OAF) 5\u2009mm cubes were sectioned from each sample and subjected to shear in two orientations, radial (coronal plane, G1) and circumferential (sagittal plane, G2). Tissues underwent static shear and dynamic shear protocols to a maximum of 10% shear strain. Following mechanical tests, average lamellar thickness was assessed using OCT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Static shear moduli were significantly reduced for DD tissue compared to non\u2010DD in both the radial (G1) (non\u2010DD: 83.0\u2009\u00b1\u200941.3\u2009kPa, DD: 24.1\u2009\u00b1\u200923.7\u2009kPa) and the circumferential (G2) (non\u2010DD: 226.2\u2009\u00b1\u200981.9\u2009kPa, DD: 54.0\u2009\u00b1\u200940.2\u2009kPa) orientations (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Further dynamic mechanical alterations were detected in hysteresis, phase shift, and dynamic modulus. Shear moduli correlated negatively with lamellar thickness (G1: r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.63, G2: r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.71).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were significant alterations in AF shear moduli and dynamic properties in DD individuals when compared to non\u2010DD controls. Structural correlations highlight the role of the highly organized AF lamellar structure on shear modulus values. These findings suggest that altered AF mechanics may contribute to DD pathology and associated low back pain, warranting further investigation into structural and functional AF changes in symptomatic individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T01:11:37Z","timestamp":1759972297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reduced Shear Modulus and Altered Lamellar Morphology of the Outer Annulus Fibrosus in Painful Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Compared With Tissue From Non\u2010Surgical Controls"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3522-4345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taylor J.","family":"Bader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5386-8762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manmeet","family":"Dhiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Lo","family":"Vercio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta 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C.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Salo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil A.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone 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