{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:49:00Z","timestamp":1792082940976,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018587","name":"Northeast Ohio Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The nucleus pulposus (NP) in the intervertebral disc (IVD) is the first structure to exhibit degenerative changes during IVD degeneration (IDD). Currently, micro\u2010computed tomography (micro\u2010CT) imaging of the NP is a limiting factor in detecting IDD at an early stage. While contrast\u2010enhanced micro\u2010CT has been investigated, an effective contrast agent for IVD has not been identified. This study investigates potassium iodide (KI) as an effective contrast agent for micro\u2010CT\u2010based IVD visualization across multiple animal models to study IDD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected tails and spines from mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and stained them with KI followed by micro\u2010CT imaging. For IDD, we performed caudal annular needle puncture surgery (NPS) in age and sex\u2010matched mice (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) and stained with KI for imaging with micro\u2010CT. For the aging model, we compared IVDs from old to young mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to unstained IVDs, KI effectively stained and visualized the 3D structure of the NP, exhibiting X\u2010ray attenuation properties comparable to bone. KI contrast staining enabled accurate and reproducible quantification of IVD height and NP volume. The cross\u2010sectional micro\u2010CT images of NPS IVDs were indistinguishable from the histological findings of the same sample and showed similar degenerative changes in the NP. We also found that KI staining is reversible, and the tissue remains compatible with downstream histological processing and immunostaining. Notably, KI successfully stained the NP in decalcified tissue, offering an advantage for NP analysis by removing bone background in micro\u2010CT scans. Additionally, we estimated that up to 15 sagittal sections, each 5\u2009\u03bcm thick with 75\u2009\u03bcm spacing, would be needed to fully assess IVD degeneration in mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated that KI can be used to positively stain NP in the intact tail or spine and provide qualitative and quantitative data without any adverse effects on the immune\/histological processing of the samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:17:34Z","timestamp":1759882654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High\u2010Resolution 3\u2010Dimensional Micro\u2010\n                    <scp>CT<\/scp>\n                    Imaging of Intervertebral Discs Using a Novel Contrast Agent"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Madison M.","family":"Buckles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University  Rootstown Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulkadir","family":"Nur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University  Rootstown Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada H.","family":"Warda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University  Rootstown Ohio USA"},{"name":"UH\u2009Research\u2009Scholar\u2009Program Northeast Ohio Medical University  Rootstown Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob C.","family":"Moncher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University  Rootstown Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2628-6604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Yunus","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University  Rootstown Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199005000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-000-0013-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126612"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-020-00125-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.02.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2010.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0052-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153552"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05893-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2023.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23364"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254264","article-title":"Micro\u2010Computed 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