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The degenerative pathology knowledge base generated by the ovine model over the last 35\u2009years has provided invaluable insights into degenerative events occurring in the human IVD. Changes in para\u2010discal structures as a consequence of IVDD, in vertebral bone adjacent to the lesion site, cartilaginous endplates and spinal motion segment facet joints, and in the longitudinal ligaments and paraspinal muscles also affect spinal stability and flexibility. All of these spinal structures are richly innervated, and disturbance of their normal architecture due to IVDD also contributes to the generation of low back pain. Like human IVDD, when the ovine IVD is mechanically destabilized by the introduction of a controlled annular lesion, release of proteases is elevated, degradation of structural ECM components occurs, leading to IVDD and biomechanical impairment. When space\u2010filling aggrecan is degraded in the IVD, a drop in internal hydrostatic pressure occurs, and the IVD becomes susceptible to an ingrowth of blood vessels and mechanosensitive nociceptors resulting in enhanced generation of low back pain by the biomechanically incompetent IVD. The ovine model is thus very useful to evaluate compounds or procedures that slow IVDD and, in some cases, promote regenerative processes. The large size of the ovine IVD allows the use of inter\u2010disciplinary longitudinal approaches in the analysis of progressive changes in the degenerate IVD of relevance to the human IVD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ovine annular lesion model of IVDD displays similar pathological features to those displayed by the degenerate human IVD, making it an appropriate model for the evaluation of IVD reparative procedures. Furthermore, the resident ovine IVD cell populations are similar to those seen in the human IVD, with a disappearance of notochordal cells occurring in adolescence. This is not the case in many other popular animal (murine, rat, porcine, lapine, and non\u2010chondrodystrophic canine) models of IVDD. The persistence of notochordal cells into adulthood in these breeds questions how translatable findings generated in these models are to the human IVD. The ovine model is thus relevant to the development of strategies exploring novel strategies in IVD repair and the recovery of normal IVD structure and function. Mesenchymal stem cells have impressive IVD repair and recovery of structure and function properties, showing promise in the treatment of the degenerate human IVD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T01:56:17Z","timestamp":1762307777000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Impact of the Ovine Annular Lesion Model on\n                    <scp>IVD<\/scp>\n                    Pathobiology and Utility of the Ovine Spinal Model in Patho\u2010Anatomical Studies: A Historical Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Osti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The International Spine Centre  Norwood South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Calvary North Adelaide Hospital  North Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"The University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. B.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Kolling Institute  St. Leonards New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital  St. Leonards New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Melrose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Kolling Institute  St. Leonards New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital  St. Leonards New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"762","article-title":"Annulus Tears and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. 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