{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T18:41:43Z","timestamp":1784745703530,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#955735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#955735"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major contributor to low back pain, yet its initiating factors remain unclear. While the individual effects of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and mechanical loading on IVDs have been studied, their combined impact is poorly understood. This study investigated how dynamic compression and torsion interact with interleukin\u20101 beta (IL\u20101\u03b2) and its inhibitor, interleukin\u20101 receptor antagonist (IL\u20101Ra), using bovine IVDs in an ex\u00a0vivo organ culture system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whole bovine caudal IVDs were cultured for one week in a custom bioreactor applying diurnal dynamic compression (0.1\u20130.5\u2009MPa) and torsion (\u00b16\u00b0) under three media conditions: physiological, catabolic (10\u2009ng\/mL IL\u20101\u03b2), and inhibitory (10\u2009ng\/mL IL\u20101Ra). Static compression (0.1\u2009MPa) served as control. 3\u2009T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used pre\u2010 and post\u2010culture for imaging and segmentation using 3DSlicer. Subject\u2010personalized finite element (FE) models were generated via morphing algorithms and coupled with a parallel network (PN) model to analyze metabolite transport and its impact on gene expression. Outcomes included disc height, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, qPCR, and cell metabolic activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results &amp; Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Degenerative changes were detected in all treatment groups. Results of decreased disc height, hydration, and ACAN expression, alongside increased MMP\u201013, indicated that the applied loading was supraphysiological and induced catabolic responses. IL\u20101Ra, at the given dose, did not counteract degeneration. MRI\u2010based FE modeling effectively captured patterns of tissue consolidation and degeneration, providing valuable insights into IVD responses under combined mechanical and inflammatory stress. This integrative platform highlights the importance of modeling complex IVD environments and may inform the design of improved anti\u2010catabolic therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T05:51:28Z","timestamp":1769493088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Complex Mechanical Loading and Pro\u2010Inflammatory Cytokines in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine B.","family":"Crump","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics &amp; Mechanobiology (TOM), Bone &amp; Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for 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