{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:58:55Z","timestamp":1790308735130,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016168","name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JOR Spine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with severe clinical symptoms including chronic back pain. Galectins are a family of carbohydrate\u2010binding proteins, some of which can induce functional disease markers in IVD cells and other musculoskeletal tissues. Galectin\u20104 and \u20108 were shown to trigger disease\u2010promoting activity in chondrocytes, but their effects on IVD cells have not been investigated yet.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IVD specimens from 36 patients with spondylosis, spondylolisthesis, and scoliosis were assessed immunohistochemically for the presence of galectin\u20104 and \u20108. The degrees of radiological (Pfirrmann grade) and histopathological (Rutges score) degeneration of all specimens were correlated with histological galectin scores. To assess galectin functions, separate cell cultures of annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921) were established. Cell cultures were treated with recombinant galectin\u20104, \u20108 (24\u2009\u03bcg\/mL), or Interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2) (10\u2009ng\/mL) and analyzed using RT\u2010qPCR and In\u2010Cell Western (ICW). Potential binding sites for galectins including sialylated N\u2010glycans and LacdiNAc structures were determined in AF and NP cells using liquid chromatography\u2010electrospray ionization\u2010tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2010ESI\u2010MS\/MS).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The immunohistochemical presence of galectin\u20104 in IVD specimens correlated with histopathological and clinical degeneration scores of patients, whereas galectin\u20108 did not show significant correlations. Both galectins were detected across IVD compartments except for the endplate. In\u00a0vitro, both galectins activated the nuclear factor\u2010kB pathway and induced functional disease markers (Interleukin\u20108 (CXCL8) and matrix metalloproteinase\u20103 (MMP3) mRNA). NP cells were more responsive to galectins and IL\u20101\u03b2 than AF cells, indicating region\u2010specific differences in galectin sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identifies galectin\u20104 as a novel molecular player in the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T07:51:36Z","timestamp":1786002696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Galectin\u20104: A Novel Mediator of Human Intervertebral Disc Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3390-835X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Strauss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0826-3710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Djojic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5693-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Stadlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6109-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef Georg","family":"Grohs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4444-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Alphonsus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery Medical University of Vienna  Vienna 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