{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:31:24Z","timestamp":1760920284598,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,31]],"date-time":"2011-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSERC Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Separation Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We coin a term of milli\u2010free flow electrophoresis (mFFE) to describe mid\u2010scale FFE with flow rates intermediate to macro\u2010FFE and micro\u2010FFE (\u03bcFFE). Introduced decades ago, mFFE did not find practical applications. We revive mFFE, as we view it as a viable purification complement to continuous synthesis in capillary reactors with product flow rates of \u223c5 to 2000\u2009\u03bcL\/min, too small for macro\u2010FFE but too large for \u03bcFFE. The development of the tandem of continuous synthesis\/purification will require the production and evaluation of a large number of prototypes of mFFE devices. As the first step, we developed a fast (&lt;24\u2009h) and economical (\u223c$10) method for prototyping mFFE devices using a robotic milling machine. mFFE prototypes are constructed from two machined matching poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates, which are bonded in 10\u2009min using dichloromethane to provide a strong and irreversible seal. Using the developed prototyping technology, we designed and evaluated 25 prototypes of mFFE devices. By optimizing the feed rates and rotational speeds of the drills, the depth of the electrode channels, the dimensions of the entrance and exit reservoirs, the sample flow rate, and the diameter and position of the sample input, we were able to achieve indefinitely long operation of the device with cycles of alternating 15\u2010min electrophoresis and 0.5\u2010min regeneration (bubble removal). The test analytes, rhodamine B and fluorescein, were baseline resolved by mFFE for flow rates ranging from 10 to 600\u2009\u03bcL\/min. These results prove that our prototyping approach is suitable for the challenging task of multi\u2010parameter optimization of mFFE devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201000758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,31]],"date-time":"2011-01-31T04:34:00Z","timestamp":1296448440000},"page":"556-564","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Milli\u2010free flow electrophoresis: I. Fast prototyping of mFFE devices"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Fletcher J.","family":"Agostino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Evenhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergey N.","family":"Krylov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anchem.111808.073718"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0512069"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2003.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.200701041"},{"volume-title":"Free\u2010Flow Electrophoresis","year":"1989","author":"Hannig K.","key":"e_1_2_6_6_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00074a001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150190704"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1975.356.2.1209"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1977.358.2.753"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.200900355"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200903284"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b803885f"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2009.05.083"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902546y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B918834G"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/18\/2\/025012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac800843v"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-009-0207-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.25.443"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/16\/8\/033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-006-0224-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac060290n"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00090a011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac950766v"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac800275c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac702367m"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200900156"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200900359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13813450903307814"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-376-9_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-2656-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Separation Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjssc.201000758","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjssc.201000758","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jssc.201000758","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T11:16:05Z","timestamp":1760872565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jssc.201000758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,31]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jssc.201000758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jssc.201000758","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1615-9306","1615-9314"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1615-9306"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1615-9314"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,31]]}}}