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This study examined PTSD symptom structure using the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) across three veteran samples: treatment\u2010seeking Vietnam\u2010era veterans, treatment\u2010seeking post\u2010Vietnam\u2010era veterans, and Operation Enduring Freedom\/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF\/OIF) veteran research participants. Confirmatory factor analyses of DTS items demonstrated that a 4\u2010factor structural model of the DTS (reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal) was superior to five alternate models, including the conventional 3\u2010factor model proposed by the <jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>DSM\u2010IV<\/jats:italic>; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Results supported factor invariance across the three veteran cohorts, suggesting that cross\u2010group comparisons are interpretable. Implications and applications for DSM\u2010IV nosology and the validity of symptom measures are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,13]],"date-time":"2008-06-13T19:20:07Z","timestamp":1213384807000},"page":"309-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Factorial invariance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms across three veteran samples"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Scott D.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean C.","family":"Beckham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Morey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry A.","family":"Tupler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick S.","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00061-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10960-004-5795-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20076"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.12.1343"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Testing structural equation models","author":"Browne M. 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