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A community sample of female crime victims (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 60) were assessed within 5 weeks of sexual or physical assault with 3 and 6 month postassault follow\u2010ups. Twenty\u2010three participants had consumed alcohol or alcohol\/drugs prior to the assault (38%) and 37 had consumed neither alcohol nor drugs. Analyses were conducted using hierarchical linear modeling. Participants who had consumed alcohol had lower initial intrusive symptoms, but their symptoms improved less over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,28]],"date-time":"2010-07-28T12:48:04Z","timestamp":1280321284000},"page":"523-527","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Alcohol\u2010involved assault and the course of PTSD in female crime victims"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Debra L.","family":"Kaysen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen P.","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Fossos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(03)00011-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-120018845"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1496-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490080106"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1999.60.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016255929315"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.4.547"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801209340759"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00027-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801205280931"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20122"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","volume-title":"Drug\u2010facilitated, incapacitated, and forcible rape: A national study","author":"Kilpatrick D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.121.6.1280"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.24.4.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801208329386"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00173-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","volume-title":"Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods","author":"Raudenbush S. 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