{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:56:42Z","timestamp":1788238602646,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,21]],"date-time":"2012-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1337558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resilience, exhibiting intact psychological functioning despite exposure to trauma, is one perspective as to why some people who are exposed to trauma do not develop symptoms. This study examines the prisoner of war experience to expand our understanding of this phenomenon in extreme cases of trauma such as prolonged captivity, malnourishment, and physical and psychological torture. The study examined the United States' longest detained American prisoners of war, those held in Vietnam in the 1960s through early 1970s. A logistic regression analysis using resilience, defined as never receiving any psychiatric diagnosis over a 37\u2010year follow\u2010up period, as the outcome was performed (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 224 with complete data). Six variables showing at least small effects emerged: officer\/enlisted status, age at time of capture, length of solitary confinement, low antisocial\/psychopathic personality traits, low posttraumatic stress symptoms following repatriation, and optimism. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) confirmed the significance and relative strength of these variables, with a range from <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 0.54, 95% CI [0.13, 2.29] to <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.11, 95% CI [1.04, 1.17]. When all variables were examined continuously and categorically, dispositional optimism was the strongest variable, accounting for 17%, continuously, and 14%, categorically. We discuss optimism as a protective factor for confronting trauma and the possibility of training to increase it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,21]],"date-time":"2012-05-21T16:26:38Z","timestamp":1337617598000},"page":"330-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Optimism predicts resilience in repatriated prisoners of war: A 37\u2010year longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Francine","family":"Segovia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Linnville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Hoyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Hain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198909)45:5<704::AID-JCLP2270450504>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3045"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.1.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1648"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.4.617"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021930"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199401)50:1<71::AID-JCLP2270500107>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","first-page":"446","article-title":"Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience","volume":"10","author":"Feder A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.11.1450","article-title":"Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement","volume":"140","author":"Grassian S.","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040603"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021411"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","volume-title":"Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study","author":"Kulka R. 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