{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:57:27Z","timestamp":1783414647224,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,22]],"date-time":"2013-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD"},{"name":"Office of Mental Health Services"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Establishing whether men and women tend to express different symptoms of posttraumatic stress in reaction to trauma is important for both etiological research and the design of assessment instruments. Use of item response theory (IRT) can reveal how symptom reporting varies by gender and help determine if estimates of symptom severity for men and women are equally reliable. We analyzed responses to the PTSD Checklist (PCL) from 2,341 U.S. military veterans (51% female) who completed deployments in support of operations in Afghanistan and Iraq (Operation Enduring Freedom\/Operation Iraqi Freedom [OEF\/OIF]), and tested for differential item functioning by gender with an IRT\u2010based approach. Among men and women with the same overall posttraumatic stress severity, women tended to report more frequent concentration difficulties and distress from reminders whereas men tended to report more frequent nightmares, emotional numbing, and hypervigilance. These item\u2010level gender differences were small (on average <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.05), however, and had little impact on PCL measurement precision or expected total scores. For practical purposes, men's and women's severity estimates had similar reliability. This provides evidence that men and women veterans demonstrate largely similar profiles of posttraumatic stress symptoms following exposure to military\u2010related stressors, and some theoretical perspectives suggest this may hold in other traumatized populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,23]],"date-time":"2013-03-23T20:12:30Z","timestamp":1364069550000},"page":"175-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Gender Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among OEF\/OIF Veterans: An Item Response Theory Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Sciences Division National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy E.","family":"Street","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Sciences Division National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaimie L.","family":"Gradus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Sciences Division National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Boston University School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawne S.","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Sciences Division National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Resick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Sciences Division National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008612"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.7.626"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u2010006X.68.5.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741\u20103737.2000.00477.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v039.i08"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707002589"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000245183.28384.ed"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/030079903125001604"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","volume-title":"Differential item functioning","author":"Holland P. 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