{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:17:09Z","timestamp":1781270229357,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]],"date-time":"2013-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Complex trauma events have been defined as chronic, interpersonal traumas that begin early in life (Cook, Blaustein, Spinazzola, &amp; van der Kolk, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#jts21857-bib-0012\"\/>). The complex trauma definition has been examined in adults, as indicated by the <jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/jats:italic> (4<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> ed.; <jats:italic>DSM\u2010IV<\/jats:italic>) field trial; however, this research was lacking in child populations. The symptom presentations of complexly traumatized children were contrasted with those exposed to other, less severe trauma ecologies that met 1 or 2 features of the complex trauma definition. Included in this study were 346 treatment\u2010seeking children and adolescents (ages 3\u201318 years) who had experienced a traumatic event. Results indicated that child survivors of complex trauma presented with higher levels of generalized behavior problems and trauma\u2010related symptoms than those who experienced (a) acute noninterpersonal trauma, (b) chronic interpersonal trauma that begins later in life, and (c) acute interpersonal trauma. Greater levels of behavioral problems were observed in children exposed to complex trauma as compared to those who experienced a traumatic event that begins early in life. These results provide support for the complex trauma event definition and suggest the need for a complex trauma diagnostic construct for children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]],"date-time":"2013-11-25T23:32:04Z","timestamp":1385422324000},"page":"671-678","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Empirical Support for the Definition of a Complex Trauma Event in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Wamser\u2010Nanney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Missouri\u2010 St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Vandenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Missouri\u2010 St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school\u2010age forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145\u20102134(98)00062\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502017001004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(01)00253-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260504269682"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583\u2010199505000\u201000008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20339"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u2010006X.60.2.174"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e404122005-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u2010006X.67.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024497400891"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260506292992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007758711939"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490050305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma","author":"Janoff\u2010Bulman R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.113.1.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.15.4.443","article-title":"The impact of severe stalking experienced by acutely battered women: An examination of violence, psychological symptoms and strategic responding","volume":"5","author":"Mechanic M. B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024800212070"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583\u2010200303000\u201000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024837617768"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046822.95464.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20050501-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v07n01_03"}],"container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjts.21857","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjts.21857","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jts.21857","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T13:47:00Z","timestamp":1696600020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jts.21857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jts.21857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.21857","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-9867","1573-6598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-9867","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]]}}}