{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:15:07Z","timestamp":1790705707698,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tonic immobility (TI) is an involuntary freezing response that can occur during a traumatic event. TI has been identified as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), although the mechanism for this relationship remains unclear. This study evaluated a particular possible mechanism for the relationship between TI and PTSD symptoms: posttraumatic guilt. To examine this possibility, we assessed 63 female trauma survivors for TI, posttraumatic guilt, and PTSD symptom severity. As expected, the role of guilt in the association between TI and PTSD symptom severity was consistent with mediation (\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.35;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05). Thus, guilt may be an important mechanism by which trauma survivors who experience TI later develop PTSD symptoms. We discuss the clinical implications, including the importance of educating those who experienced TI during their trauma about the involuntary nature of this experience.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T13:30:58Z","timestamp":1415626258000},"page":"721-724","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Does Guilt Mediate the Association Between Tonic Immobility and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Female Trauma Survivors?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Michelle J.","family":"Bovin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Dodson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian N.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Gregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne L.","family":"Pineles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20462"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490080106"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Handbook of psychiatric measures","author":"First M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","volume-title":"The Tonic Immobility Scale\u2013Adult Form","author":"Forsyth J. 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