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Data from standard clinical assessments of veterans and active duty personnel treated in both inpatient and outpatient programs at 2 Department of Veteran Affairs medical centers were examined. Symptoms were assessed with self\u2010report measures of PTSD (PTSD Checklist) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory\u2010II) before and throughout therapy. Mixed linear models were utilized to determine the slope of reported symptoms throughout treatment, and the effects associated with fixed factors such as site, treatment setting (residential vs. outpatient), and TBI severity were examined. Results demonstrated significant decreases in PTSD, <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = \u22123.00, 95% CI [\u22123.22, \u22122.78]; <jats:italic>t(<\/jats:italic>210) = \u221213.5; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001, and in depressive symptoms, <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = \u22121.46, 95% CI [\u22121.64, \u22121.28]; <jats:italic>t(<\/jats:italic>192) = \u22128.32; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001. The effects of PE treatment did not differ by clinical setting and participants with moderate to severe injuries reported more rapid gains than those with a history of mild TBI. The results provide evidence that PE may well be effective for veterans with PTSD and TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T20:49:30Z","timestamp":1437598170000},"page":"339-347","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Prolonged Exposure Therapy With Veterans and Active Duty Personnel Diagnosed With PTSD and Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Gregory K.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health &amp; Behavioral Sciences James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Kretzmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health &amp; Behavioral Sciences James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Mid\u2010Atlantic Region Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Thors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health &amp; Behavioral Sciences James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Ryan","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Mid\u2010Atlantic Region Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thad Q.","family":"Strom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Services for Minneapolis, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afsoon","family":"Eftekhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dissemination and Training Division, National Center for PTSD VA Palo Alto HCS  Menlo Park California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Klenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Syracuse VA Medical Center  Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney D.","family":"Vanderploeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health &amp; Behavioral Sciences James A. 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