{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:11:19Z","timestamp":1787613079938,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,14]],"date-time":"2015-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the efficacy of a brief, accessible, nonstigmatizing online intervention\u2014writing expressively about transitioning to civilian life. U.S. Afghanistan and Iraq war veterans with self\u2010reported reintegration difficulty (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,292, 39.3% female, <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 36.87, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 9.78 years)\u00a0were randomly assigned to expressive writing (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 508), factual control writing (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 507), or no writing (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 277). Using intention to treat, generalized linear mixed models demonstrated that 6\u2010months postintervention, veterans who wrote expressively experienced greater reductions in physical complaints, anger, and distress compared with veterans who wrote factually (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>s = 0.13 to 0.20; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>s &lt; .05) and greater reductions in PTSD symptoms, distress, anger, physical complaints, and reintegration difficulty compared with veterans who did not write at all (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>s = 0.22 to 0.35; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>s \u2264 .001). Veterans who wrote expressively also experienced greater improvement in social support compared to those who did not write (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.17). Relative to both control conditions, expressive writing did not lead to improved life satisfaction. Secondary analyses also found beneficial effects of expressive writing on clinically significant distress, PTSD screening, and employment status. Online expressive writing holds promise for improving health and functioning among veterans experiencing reintegration difficulty, albeit with small effect sizes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]],"date-time":"2015-10-15T08:26:45Z","timestamp":1444897605000},"page":"381-390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Randomized Controlled Trial of Online Expressive Writing to Address Readjustment Difficulties Among U.S. Afghanistan and Iraq War Veterans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nina A.","family":"Sayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research Minneapolis VA Healthcare System  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siamak","family":"Noorbaloochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research Minneapolis VA Healthcare System  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Pennebaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Texas  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Orazem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research Minneapolis VA Healthcare System  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula P.","family":"Schnurr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD White River Junction  Vermont USA"},{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth  Hanover New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Murdoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research Minneapolis VA Healthcare System  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Section of General Internal Medicine Minneapolis VA Healthcare System  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen F.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care VA Portland Healthcare System  Portland Oregon USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Oregon Health and Science University  Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Gravely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research Minneapolis VA Healthcare System  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett T.","family":"Litz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20679"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014643"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-012-9435-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.2.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.096552"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8.3.e20"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","volume-title":"Effect size for ANOVA designs","author":"Cortina J. 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