{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:46:27Z","timestamp":1783975587593,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,7]],"date-time":"2016-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In October 2002, a series of sniper attacks in the Washington, DC area left 10 people dead and 3 wounded. We examined the association between identification with terrorist victims and psychological and behavioral outcomes. Participants were 1,238 residents of the Washington, DC area (ages 18\u201390 years; <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 41.73, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 12.56) who completed the Impact of Event Scale\u2010Revised, Patient Health Questionnaire\u20109, and items pertaining to identification with attack victims approximately 3 weeks following the first sniper shooting. We examined 3 types of identification with the victims: (a) as like oneself, (b) as like a friend, and (c) as like a family member. The relationships of identification to posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms were examined using linear regression analyses. Greater total identification was associated with more posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 0.27, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001, and <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 0.44, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001, respectively), after adjusting for demographics. Those who specifically identified with the victims as either self (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 0.24, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001), friend (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 0.30, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001), or family member (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 0.27, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001) reported more PTSD symptoms (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1,101). Identifying with victims as like a friend or family member, but not as like oneself, was associated with increased depressive symptoms (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 0.61, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001, and <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 0.45, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .01, respectively; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1,222). Presence and type of identification play a differential role in psychological and behavioral responses during traumatic events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,10]],"date-time":"2016-01-10T08:37:31Z","timestamp":1452415051000},"page":"41-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Identification With Terrorist Victims of the Washington, DC Sniper Attacks: Posttraumatic Stress and Depression"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Holly B.","family":"Herberman Mash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress Department of Psychiatry Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Ursano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress Department of Psychiatry Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Nikki","family":"Benevides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress Department of Psychiatry Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol S.","family":"Fullerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress Department of Psychiatry Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.4.596"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.4.619"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp2701_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0202_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830130087016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204274101"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2014.55054"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20056"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst179"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01741.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01715.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2010.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.18.4.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DMP.0b013e3181aa2675"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2015.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079363"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","volume-title":"Disasters and after effects: Disaster psychiatry in a troubled world","author":"Fullerton C. 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