{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:34:13Z","timestamp":1780547653689,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533081600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-07-2-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-07-2-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the prospective course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a cohort of National Guard soldiers (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 522) deployed to combat operations in Iraq. Participants were assessed 4 times: 1 month before deployment, 2\u20133 months after returning from deployment, 1 year later, and 2 years postdeployment. Growth mixture modeling revealed 3 distinct trajectories: low\u2010stable symptoms, resilient, 76.4%; new\u2010onset symptoms, 14.2%; and chronic distress, 9.4%. Relative to the resilient class, membership in both the new\u2010onset symptoms and chronic distress trajectory classes was predicted by negative emotionality\/neuroticism, odds ratios (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>s) = 1.09, 95% CI [1.02, 1.17], and<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>= 1.22, 95% CI [1.09,1.35], respectively; and combat exposure,<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>= 1.07, 95% CI [1.02, 1.12], and<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>= 1.12, 95% CI [1.02, 1.24], respectively. Membership in the new\u2010onset trajectory class was predicted by predeployment military preparedness,<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>= 0.95, 95% CI [0.91, 0.98], perceived threat during deployment,<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>= 1.07, 95% CI [1.03, 1.10], and stressful life events following deployment,<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>= 1.44, 95% CI [1.05, 1.96]. Prior deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan,<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>= 3.85, 95% CI [1.72, 8.69], predeployment depression,<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>= 1.27, 95% CI [1.20, 1.36], and predeployment concerns about a deployment's impact on civilian\/family life,<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>= 1.09, 95% CI [1.02, 1.16], distinguished the chronic distress group relative to the resilient group. Identifying predeployment vulnerability and postdeployment contextual factors provides insight for future efforts to bolster resilience, prevent, and treat posttraumatic symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T16:26:45Z","timestamp":1501604805000},"page":"351-361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Resilience and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in National Guard Soldiers Deployed to Iraq: A Prospective Study of Latent Class Trajectories and Their Predictors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Polusny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis VA Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research Minneapolis VA Health Care System Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Erbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis VA Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research Minneapolis VA Health Care System Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis VA Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Thuras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis VA Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"DeGarmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Science Institute, and the Department of Educational Methodology Policy, and Leadership, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Koffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis VA Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research Minneapolis VA Health Care System Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Litz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiological Research and Information Center VA Boston Healthcare System Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychiatry Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Arbisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis VA Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08914"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","volume-title":"Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory","author":"Beck A. 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