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A three\u2010factor model of coping was confirmed for both military operations: positive emotion\u2010focused, self\u2010blame, and prayer\/spirituality. Positive emotion\u2010focused coping was inversely associated with PTSD symptoms (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u2212.14) and buffered service members from the negative effects of combat exposure in both Iraq (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .01) and Afghanistan (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .02). Self\u2010blame coping was positively associated with PTSD symptoms in both samples (Iraq, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = .36; Afghanistan, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = .29) but only magnified the relationship between combat exposure and PTSD symptoms among service members in Iraq (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .01) . These findings were replicated when controlling for unit cohesion and symptoms of depression. Prayer\/spirituality coping was not significantly associated with PTSD symptoms, regardless of combat exposure. Discussion focuses on how specific positive emotion\u2010focused coping strategies may be helpful for military personnel in combat operations given the uncontrollable and chaotic nature of the environment. Implications include providing training for deploying personnel that covers the use of these positive emotion\u2010focused coping strategies and the potential problems with self\u2010blame. Such training may also be suitable for other high\u2010risk occupations in which employees face uncontrollable situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,27]],"date-time":"2017-10-27T17:30:16Z","timestamp":1509125416000},"page":"491-501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Coping Strategies as Moderators of the Association Between Combat Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Britt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University Department of Psychology  Clemson South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy B.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience  Silver Spring Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gargi","family":"Sawhney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University Department of Psychology  Clemson South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Bliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina Darla Moore School of Business  Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016877"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0484-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.1.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM\u2010IV\u2010R","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","volume-title":"EQS structural equations program manual","author":"Bentler P. 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