{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:44:39Z","timestamp":1790365479680,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1E11\/OH009630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1E11\/OH009630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U50\/OH009739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U50\/OH009739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005220","name":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U50\/ATU272750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U50\/ATU272750"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005220","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten to eleven years after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was evaluated in 1,755 World Trade Center (WTC) evacuees based on data from the WTC Health Registry. Characteristics of men and women were compared and factors associated with PTSD symptom severity were examined using the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Compared with men (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1,015, 57.8%), women (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 740, 42.2%) were younger and of lower socioeconomic status. Ten to eleven years after September 11, 2001, 13.7% of men and 24.1% of women met criteria for PTSD. Results indicated that when considered with all other variables (i.e., demographic, socioeconomic and social resources, exposure to the attacks, life events), gender was not a significant predictor of PTSD symptom severity. Being younger on September 11, 2001, unemployed, less educated, and\/or having higher exposure to the attacks, unmet mental health care needs, and less social support predicted higher PCL scores for both genders (\u03b2s = .077 to .239). Demographic characteristics and socioeconomic resources (\u0394<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .113) accounted for the largest amount of variance in PCL scores over and above exposure\/evacuation, mental healthcare needs, and social support variables (\u0394<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .093 to .102). When trends of unmet mental healthcare needs were analyzed, the most prevalent response for men was that they preferred to manage their own symptoms (15.1%), whereas the most prevalent response for women was that they could not afford to pay for mental health care (14.7%). Although the prevalence of probable PTSD in women tower survivors was approximately twice as high as it was for men, this is attributable largely to demographic and socioeconomic resource factors and not gender alone. Implications for treatment and interventions are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T10:36:38Z","timestamp":1510569398000},"page":"564-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Gender, and Risk Factors: World Trade Center Tower Survivors 10 to 11 Years After the September 11, 2001 Attacks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1883-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosemarie M.","family":"Bowler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University Department of Psychology  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane W.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City University of New York Department of Psychology  New York New York USA"},{"name":"The Graduate Center of the City University of New York Department of Psychology  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vihra V.","family":"Gocheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University Department of Psychology  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiehui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Trade Center Health Registry, Division of Epidemiology New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Mergler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Wellness Health, Society and Environment  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Brackbill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Trade Center Health Registry, Division of Epidemiology New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Cone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Trade Center Health Registry, Division of Epidemiology New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000228503.95503.e9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.NCSTAR.1-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD: The CAPS\u20101","volume":"13","author":"Blake D. D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behavior Therapist"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20876"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22588"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for World Trade Center disaster health effects among survivors of collapsed and damaged buildings","volume":"55","author":"Brackbill R. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Gender differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"5","author":"Breslau N.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Gender Specific Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq372"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20345"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22636"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10103"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X13008996"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137170"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.65.3.207.20173"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/154099903322447774"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025714729117"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0907-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Main and interactive effects of social support in predicting mental health symptoms in men and women following military stressor exposure","volume":"26","author":"Smith B. 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