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Despite a high level of trauma exposure, most veterans exhibit psychological resilience following a traumatic event. Interpersonal trauma is associated with poorer psychological outcomes than noninterpersonal trauma and is experienced more frequently across the lifespan by women as compared to men. In the present study, we examined gender differences in trauma exposure, resilience, and protective factors among veterans. Participants included 665 veterans who completed a baseline survey assessing traumatic events; 544 veterans (81.8%) completed a 1\u2010year follow\u2010up survey assessing resilience, combat exposure, deployment social support, deployment preparedness, and military sexual trauma (MST). Principal component analyses revealed the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire categorized into four meaningful components: sexual abuse, interpersonal violence, stranger violence, and accidents\/unexpected trauma. Women reported greater exposure to sexual abuse, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.76; interpersonal violence, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.31; and MST, Cramer's <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic> = 0.54; men reported greater exposure to stranger violence, accidents\/unexpected trauma, and combat exposure, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>s = 0.24\u20130.55. Compared to women, men also reported greater social support during deployment, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.46. Hierarchical linear regression indicated that men's resilience scores were higher than women's, \u03b2 = .10, <jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic> .032, yet this association was no longer significant once we accounted for trauma type, \u03b2 = .07, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .197. Results indicate that trauma type is central to resilience and suggest one must consider the social\u2010ecological context that can promote or inhibit resilient processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T23:13:50Z","timestamp":1542323630000},"page":"845-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Understanding Gender Differences in Resilience Among Veterans: Trauma History and Social Ecology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Galina A.","family":"Portnoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Connecticut Healthcare System  West Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Yale School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Relyea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA 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