{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:28:23Z","timestamp":1792099703550,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 MH018869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 MH018869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent, debilitating disorder found to develop after exposure to a potentially traumatic event (PTE). Individuals with PTSD often report sleep disturbances, specifically nightmares and insomnia, which are listed within the criteria for PTSD. This research examined prevalence of insomnia and nightmares within a national sample of 2,647 adults (data weighted by age and sex to correct for differences in sample distribution) who had been exposed to one or more PTEs. Prevalence of self\u2010reported sleep disturbance, sleep disturbances by PTE type, and gender differences were examined. All participants completed a self\u2010administered, structured online interview that assessed exposure to stressful events and PTSD symptoms. Among individuals who met <jats:italic>DSM\u20105<\/jats:italic> criteria for PTSD, a large majority (more than 92%) reported at least one sleep disturbance. Insomnia was relatively more prevalent than PTE\u2010related nightmares among individuals with PTSD and among all PTE\u2010exposed individuals. A higher number of PTEs experienced significantly increased the likelihood of both trauma\u2010related nightmares and insomnia, McFadden's pseudo <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .07, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001. Women exposed to PTEs were more likely to endorse experience of insomnia, \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>(1, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 2,647) = 99.13, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001, \u03c6 = .194, and nightmares compared to men, \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>(1, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 2,648) = 82.98, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001, \u03c6 = .177, but this gender difference was not significant among individuals with PTSD, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>s = .130 and .050, respectively. Differences in sleep disturbance prevalence by PTE type were also examined. Implications for treatment and intervention and future directions are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T16:06:32Z","timestamp":1548950792000},"page":"14-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Traumatic Event Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Sleep Disturbances in a National Sample of U.S. Adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Melissa E.","family":"Milanak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Zuromski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Cero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1418-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison K.","family":"Wilkerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi S.","family":"Resnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean G.","family":"Kilpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.2013.67.2.203"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Gender differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"5","author":"Breslau N.","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Gender\u2010Specific Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200109000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022862"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2010.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1999)9:3<141::AID-DA8>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12040432"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2004.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4846","article-title":"The role of trauma type in the risk for insomnia","volume":"11","author":"Hall Brown T. 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