{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:04:00Z","timestamp":1790503440241,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The debate around the construct validity of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) has begun to examine whether CPTSD diverges from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when it co\u2010occurs with the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The present study (a) examined the construct validity of CPTSD through a latent class analysis of a non\u2013treatment\u2010seeking sample of young trauma\u2010exposed adults and (b) characterized each class in terms of trauma characteristics, social emotions (e.g., shame, guilt, blame), and interpersonal functioning. A total of 23 dichotomized survey items were chosen to represent the symptoms of PTSD, CPTSD, and BPD and administered to 197 trauma\u2010exposed participants. Fit statistics compared models with 2\u20134 latent classes. The four\u2010class model showed the best fit statistics and clinical interpretability. Classes included a \u201chigh PTSD+CPTSD+BPD\u201d class, characterized by high\u2010level endorsement of all symptoms for the three diagnoses; a \u201cmoderate PTSD+CPTSD+BPD\u201d class, characterized by endorsement of some symptoms across all three diagnoses; a \u201cPTSD\u201d class, characterized by endorsement of the\n                    <jats:italic>ICD\u201011<\/jats:italic>\n                    PTSD criteria; and a \u201chealthy\u201d class, characterized by low symptom endorsement overall. Pairwise comparisons showed individuals in the high PTSD+CPTSD+BPD class to have the highest levels of psychological distress, traumatic event history, adverse childhood experiences, and PTSD symptoms. Shame was the only social emotion to significantly differ between the classes,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .002, \u03b7\u00b2 = .16. The findings diverge from the literature, indicating an overlap of PTSD, CPTSD, and BPD symptoms in a non\u2013treatment\u2010seeking community sample. Further, shame may be a central emotion that differentiates between presentation severities following trauma exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T00:00:21Z","timestamp":1601596821000},"page":"56-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Social\u2013Emotional Profiles of PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Young Adults: A Latent Class Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8910-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya C.","family":"Saraiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1347-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Skye","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology York University  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3936-4974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Zumberg\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Xavier University  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2521-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department The City College of New York at the City University of New York  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7683-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudie","family":"E. Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"},{"name":"Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6954-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"A. 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