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Recently, computational models have been deployed to operationalize salience more precisely regarding surprise\u2010driven learning, leading to findings that such learning is altered in anxiety\u2010related disorders. In the present study, a sample of 20 combat veterans completed a probabilistic learning task during fMRI scanning. We applied a computational model to generate a trial\u2010by\u2010trial surprise signal (i.e., unsigned prediction error or difference between the expected probability of an outcome and the actual observed outcome), which allowed us to examine the neural response to surprising events. We did not observe an association between PTSD symptoms and behavioral indices of learning in the task. Surprising errors were associated with increased activity in the left precuneus\/inferior parietal lobule and right inferior parietal lobule, two parietal regions that are linked to salience processing. Additionally, PTSD symptom severity was positively associated with precuneus\/inferior parietal lobule activation to surprising errors, <jats:italic>r =<\/jats:italic> .63, <jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic> .004. Taken together, this pattern of results suggests that PTSD symptoms are specifically associated with an exaggerated response to surprising errors in salience\u2010related regions of the brain. This altered pattern of neural activity could represent a target for intervention to improve PTSD symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T03:59:27Z","timestamp":1602043167000},"page":"172-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder are Associated with Exaggerated Neural Response to Surprising Errors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6600-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathon R.","family":"Howlett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Bomyea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katia M.","family":"Harl\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan N.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.30150"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3961"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v076.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.5.3133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J. 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