{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:33:05Z","timestamp":1790069585739,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000182","name":"Medical Research and Materiel Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH\u201008\u20102\u20130015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH\u201008\u20102\u20130015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32\u2010AG000029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32\u2010AG000029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The emotional processing theory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) posits that avoidance is central to PTSD development and maintenance. Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy, which clinically focuses on avoidance reduction, has strong empirical support as a PTSD treatment. Virtual reality exposure (VRE) has been utilized to accelerate avoidance reduction by increasing multisensory engagement. Although some exposure therapy studies have found associations between avoidance and PTSD symptoms, others have indicated that reexperiencing or hyperarousal symptoms drive symptom trajectories. Using a cross\u2010lagged panel design, the present secondary data analysis examined temporal associations between clinician\u2010assessed PTSD symptom clusters during treatment with PE, VRE, or a waitlist control condition. There were no significant differences between PE and VRE regarding symptom clusters at any assessment. Compared to the waitlist condition, individuals who received VRE or PE exhibited earlier reductions in avoidance\/numbing symptoms, \u03b2 = \u2212.19, 95% CI [\u2212.33, \u2212.05], followed by reductions in hyperarousal symptoms, \u03b2 = \u2212.21, 95% CI [\u2212.33, \u2212.09]. Hyperarousal symptoms predicted changes in later avoidance\/numbing and reexperiencing outcomes across treatment: pretreatment to midtreatment, \u03b2 = .29, 95% CI [.17, .42]; midtreatment to posttreatment, \u03b2 = .23, 95% CI [.07, .39]. Reexperiencing symptoms predicted changes in hyperarousal outcomes earlier in treatment, \u03b2 = .22, 95% CI [.02, .37], whereas avoidance\/numbing symptoms predicted changes in hyperarousal outcomes later in treatment, \u03b2 = .18, 95% CI [.04, .32]. These findings support the efficacy of exposure therapy in addressing avoidance\/numbing symptoms and highlight the potential importance of hyperarousal symptoms in relation to other symptom clusters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T20:34:32Z","timestamp":1604176472000},"page":"287-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Cluster Structure in Prolonged Exposure Therapy and Virtual Reality Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Puget Sound Healthcare System  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle J.","family":"Bourassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Puget Sound Healthcare System  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development Duke University Medical Center  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Norr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC)  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg M.","family":"Reger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Puget Sound Healthcare System  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.2.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12660"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02105408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/int0000109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00093-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.4.706"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.558"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195308501.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment","author":"Foa E. 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