{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:00:37Z","timestamp":1769724037172,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limited research has examined the links among violent victimization, mental health, and service utilization among gang\u2010involved individuals. This mixed\u2010methods preliminary study examined narratives of psychiatric distress, current psychiatric morbidity, and mental health treatment experiences among a sample of former gang members (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 32; <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> age = 44.4 years, 87.5% male; 56.3% Hispanic or Latino, 31.3% African American). Participants completed online questionnaires to assess trauma exposure and current psychiatric symptoms as well as a semistructured interview to examine histories of psychiatric distress and mental health treatment. Participants reported exposure to an average of 10.2 discrete traumatic events (range: 3\u201321). On average, participants reported exposure to five to six community violence\u2013related events, ranging from never or one time up to monthly and weekly exposure. Participants generally described histories of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse, although a thematic analysis revealed PTSD symptoms predominated the psychiatric distress described, including symptoms related to intrusions, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal. Grounded theory analysis revealed barriers to traditional models of mental health treatment included self\u2010isolation, gang rules, and social stigma, especially in the context of interpersonal disconnect with providers. Given conditions of limited resources to access treatment, participants engaged in peer support services, which may have reduced their psychiatric distress to currently low levels. Implications for understanding these notable findings of recovery and resilience for some individuals and building trauma\u2010informed communities that improve access to traumatic stress resources for marginalized populations are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T02:29:22Z","timestamp":1611368962000},"page":"309-321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Posttraumatic Distress and Treatment Barriers Among Former Gang Members: Implications for Improving Access to Traumatic Stress Resources in Marginalized Populations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2757-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Valdez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology California State University  Monterey Bay Seaside California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city","author":"Anderson E.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JCRPP-05-2015-0015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029652"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12091188"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452232201.n4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139174732"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2017.1382634"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2020.1770149"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","volume-title":"The discovery of grounded theory","author":"Glaser B.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e507882006-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2010.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000112"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854815607307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0095-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.12.2.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Beyond suppression: Global perspectives on youth violence","author":"Leap J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004411802237862"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2010.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141122"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004807.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","volume-title":"Survey of Exposure to Community Violence. Self\u2010Report Version","author":"Richters J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9147-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"357","article-title":"Veterans treatment court: A proactive approach","volume":"35","author":"Russell R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"New England Journal of Criminal and Civil Confinement"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(82)90005-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","volume-title":"Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques","author":"Strauss A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094744"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00258"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","volume-title":"The Clinician\u2010Administered PTSD Scale for DSM\u20105 (CAPS\u20105)","author":"Weathers F. W.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","volume-title":"The Life Events Checklist for DSM\u20105 (LEC\u20105)","author":"Weathers F. W.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.2016.1256144"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000260"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.08.002"}],"container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jts.22651","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jts.22651","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jts.22651","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T05:47:01Z","timestamp":1693288021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jts.22651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jts.22651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22651","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-9867","1573-6598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-9867","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}