{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T22:22:01Z","timestamp":1784845321363,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32MH1304343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32MH1304343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effects of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide against the Tutsi are widespread and long\u2010lasting, but little is known about how posttraumatic consequences differ regarding gender. In the present study, we estimated the associations between trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in a Rwandan community sample and examined whether the associations differed by gender. The sample comprised 498 adults (75.2% women) living in Rwanda's Huye District in 2011. We used a validated self\u2010report checklist to assess the eight most frequent traumatic experiences during the Genocide. The PTSD Checklist\u2013Civilian version (PCL\u2010C) was used to assess PTSS. Associations between trauma exposure\u00a0and PTSS were estimated using structural equation modeling (SEM), with additional SEMs stratified by gender. The prevalence of exposure to each traumatic event ranged from 15.1% to 64.5%, with more severe PTSS among individuals who reported personal physical injury, \u03b2 = .76, 95% CI [0.54, 0.98]; witnessing sexual\/physical violence against a loved one, \u03b2 = .51, 95% CI [0.20, 0.81]; a close relative\/friend's death, \u03b2 = .54, 95% CI [0.24, 0.83]; property destruction, \u03b2 = .35, 95% CI [0.048, 0.51]; or a family member's death due to illness, \u03b2 = .21, 95% CI [0.00, 0.41]. Men who saw people killed and women who witnessed sexual\/physical violence against a close family member reported elevated PTSS. The psychiatric impact of the Rwandan Genocide continues into the 21st century. Increased attention should be paid to the long\u2010term and demographic patterns of distress and disorder, especially in the absence of widespread clinical mental health services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T20:13:50Z","timestamp":1623528830000},"page":"799-807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gender Differences in Traumatic Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms After the Rwandan Genocide Against the Tutsi"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5475-0494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Platt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University  722 W 168th st New York 10032 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Pozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University College of Global Public Health  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ntaganira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics College of Medicine and Health Science University of Rwanda School of Public Health  Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Sezibera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Rwanda College of Medicine and Health Sciences  Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Neugebauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University  722 W 168th st New York 10032 USA"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry New York State Psychiatric Institute  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Departement of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine, Columbia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","volume-title":"Task force on DSM\u2010IV. 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