{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:54:43Z","timestamp":1771037683644,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive difficulties typically resolve within days to weeks following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI); however, a sizable proportion of individuals continue to report cognitive symptoms months to years later that are often associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression to a greater degree than a history of mTBI. The current study sought to evaluate the prevalence of self\u2010reported cognitive difficulties as well as the relative contributions of demographic, injury\u2010related, and mental health variables in a large study of U.S. military personnel injured during deployment since 2001. Slightly fewer than half (42.0%) of participants reported elevated cognitive difficulties compared with a normative population; however, this was driven primarily by those who screened positive for PTSD or depression. Hierarchical linear regression revealed that various demographic and injury factors, including lower educational attainment, retired or separated military status, enlisted rank, and a history of deployment\u2010related mTBI, were associated with more self\u2010reported cognitive difficulties, <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.07. Screening positive for PTSD or depression accounted for 32.1% of the variance in self\u2010reported cognitive symptoms, <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.63, whereas injury variables, including a history of deployment\u2010related mTBI, albeit significant in the model, accounted for 1.6%. The current findings add to the growing body of literature underscoring the importance of screening for and treating mental health conditions in injured military personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T12:08:08Z","timestamp":1649419688000},"page":"1343-1356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence and correlates of self\u2010reported cognitive difficulties in deployment\u2010injured U.S. military personnel"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5573-6459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Jurick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leidos  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Medical Modeling, Simulation, and Mission Support Department Naval Health Research Center  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cameron T.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leidos  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Medical Modeling, Simulation, and Mission Support Department Naval Health Research Center  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Watrous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leidos  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Medical Modeling, Simulation, and Mission Support Department Naval Health Research Center  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Grant USAF Medical Center  Fairfield California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Galarneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Modeling, Simulation, and Mission Support Department Naval Health Research Center  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e318272ef2a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Traumatic brain injury among veterans","author":"Bagalman E.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197403000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617708090036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9849465"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/rbryant"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136\u2010019\u201002391\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318258f744"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR\u2010L\u201018\u20100215"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations: Initial assessment","author":"Committee on the Assessment of Ongoing Effects in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Institute of Medicine","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed\u2010d\u201012\u201000098"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center. (2016).DoD numbers for traumatic brain injury worldwide.https:\/\/health.mil\/About\u2010MHS\/OASDHA\/Defense\u2010Health\u2010Agency\/Research\u2010and\u2010Development\/Traumatic\u2010Brain\u2010Injury\u2010Center\u2010of\u2010Excellence\/DOD\u2010TBI\u2010Worldwide\u2010Numbers"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs & Department of Defense. (2016).VA\/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of concussion\u2010mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)(Version 2.0).https:\/\/www.healthquality.va.gov\/guidelines\/Rehab\/mtbi\/mTBICPGFullCPG50821816.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2020.1748011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2006.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717001242"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaa044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76978-3_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp\u20102018\u2010319315"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2019.1611740"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1243162"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217319827618"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22480"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2019.1604385"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2009.01.0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21979"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710001207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martindale S. L. Ord A. S. &Rowland J. A.(2020).Influence of blast exposure on cognitive functioning in combat veterans.Neuropsychology. Advance online publication.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000672","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","unstructured":"Department of the Navy. (2017 November 2).Comprehensive review of recent surface force incidents.USNI News.https:\/\/news.usni.org\/2017\/11\/02\/document\u2010navy\u2010comprehensive\u2010review\u2010surface\u2010forces"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2015).User manual for the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro\u2010QoL) measures(Version 2.0).http:\/\/www.healthmeasures.net\/images\/neuro_qol\/Neuro\u2010QOL_User_Manual_v2_24Mar2015.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062\u20106050\u201051.4.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa075"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000529"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21635781.2020.1803163"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2633105520907895"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2329\u20109096.1000105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181cd1635"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.12.0301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000632"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016950"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5925"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick B. G.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390600826587"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.17090180"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.5.519"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2088"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","unstructured":"Weathers F. W. Litz B. T. Keane T. M. Palmieri P. A. Marx B. P. &Schnurr P. P.(2013).The PTSD Checklist for DSM\u20105 (PCL\u20105).https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/assessment\/adult\u2010sr\/ptsd\u2010checklist.asp"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010015\u20100325\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000344"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000260"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00655"}],"container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jts.22833","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jts.22833","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jts.22833","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T13:51:02Z","timestamp":1692453062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jts.22833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jts.22833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22833","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-9867","1573-6598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-9867","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}