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Data for these secondary analyses were drawn from a clinical trial comparing group and individual CPT. Service members (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 268, 91.0% male) were randomized to 12 sessions of group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 133) or individual (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 135) CPT. Most participants (57.1%) endorsed a deployment\u2010related HHI, 92.8% of whom reported currently experiencing symptoms (CES) related to the head injury (i.e., HHI\/CES). Patients classified as non\u2010HHI\/CES demonstrated large, significant improvements in PTSD symptom severity in both individual and group therapy, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>s = 1.1, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001. Patients with HHI\/CES status showed similar significant improvements when randomized to individual CPT, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 1.4, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001, but did not demonstrate significant improvements when randomized to group CPT, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.4, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .060. For participants classified as HHI\/CES, individual CPT was significantly superior to group CPT, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.98, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .003. Symptoms of depression improved following treatment, with no significant differences by treatment delivery format or HHI\/CES status. The findings of this clinical trial subgroup study demonstrate evidence that group CPT is less effective than individual CPT for service members classified as HHI\/CES. The results suggest that HHI\/CES status may be important to consider in selecting patients for group or individual CPT; additional research is needed to confirm the clinical implications of these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T06:50:21Z","timestamp":1661842221000},"page":"1684-1695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The impact of prior head injury on outcomes following group and individual cognitive processing therapy among military personnel"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3652-5787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer Schuster","family":"Wachen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of 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