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Participants were 1,301 U.S. service members and veterans (SMVs) divided into four groups: uncomplicated mild TBI (mTBI; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 543); complicated mild, moderate, severe, and penetrating TBI (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 230); injured controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 340); and noninjured controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 188). We examined 25 factors related to demographic, injury\u2010related, military\u2010specific, treatment\/health care need, and mental health\/social support variables. Seven factors were statistically associated with the presence of <jats:italic>DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR<\/jats:italic> symptom criteria for PTSD: premorbid IQ, combat exposure, depression, social participation, history of mTBI, need for managing mood and stress, and need for improving memory and attention, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001 (51.3% variance). When comparing the prevalence of these risk factors in a longitudinal cohort (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 742) across four PTSD trajectory groups (i.e., asymptomatic, improved, developed, persistent), a higher proportion of participants in the persistent PTSD group reported worse depression, a lack of social participation, and history of mTBI. Additionally, a higher proportion of participants in the persistent and developed PTSD groups reported the need for managing mood\/stress and improving memory\/attention. When considered simultaneously, the presence of \u2265 1 or \u2265 2 risk factors was associated with a higher proportion of participants in the developed and persistent PTSD groups, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>s &lt; .001. These risk factors may be useful in identifying SMVs at risk for the development and\/or persistence of PTSD symptoms who may need intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T18:14:00Z","timestamp":1667240040000},"page":"144-156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Risk factors for the presence and persistence of posttraumatic stress symptoms following traumatic brain injury in U.S. service members and veterans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2792-302X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rael T.","family":"Lange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence  Silver Spring Maryland USA"},{"name":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center  Bethesda Maryland USA"},{"name":"National Intrepid Center of Excellence  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