{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:17:41Z","timestamp":1789276661836,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined the association of three specific COVID\u201019\u2013related workplace stressors (percentage of nursing work with COVID\u2010positive [COVID+] patients, number of COVID\u201019\u2013related patient deaths witnessed, and living separately from family for safety) and their associations with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among 391 nurses (93.6% White, 93.4% utilize she\/her pronouns). Cross\u2010sectional data were collected via an online survey. Institutional betrayal (i.e., the perception that an institution failed to protect a member who depends on and trusts it) was examined as a moderator of these associations. Although institutional betrayal was not a significant moderator in the three individual models, it held small\u2010to\u2010medium\u2013sized positive main effects with PTSS and symptoms of GAD and MDD in both the individual and combined models. In the individual models, the percentage of nursing work with COVID+ patients was significantly positively associated with all three mental health conditions, <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .019\u2013.195, whereas it only showed a significant effect with PTSS in the combined model, <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .138. Living separately from family was significantly positively associated with PTSS and MDD symptoms in both the individual, <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .037 and .015, respectively, and combined models, <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .025 and .013, respectively. Number of patient deaths held a significant positive association with PTSS alone, <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .022, in the individual model only. The findings are discussed in light of ways in which health care settings can better support and prioritize mental health among nursing staff.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T15:43:09Z","timestamp":1678808589000},"page":"421-432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Understanding the role of COVID\u201019\u2013related workplace stress and institutional betrayal on mental health in nurses: Some heroes wear scrubs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6044-3426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Gayle","family":"Beck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Memphis  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimsha","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Memphis  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Anxiety &amp; Related Disorders Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bre'Anna L.","family":"Free","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Memphis  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mya E.","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Memphis  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey B.","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of Memphis  Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Farchione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Anxiety &amp; Related Disorders Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie S.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Anxiety &amp; Related Disorders Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258294"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406\u2010021\u201001262\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"American Nurses Association. (2020).Initial COVID\u201019 survey.https:\/\/www.nursingworld.org\/practice\u2010policy\/work\u2010environment\/health\u2010safety\/disaster\u2010preparedness\/coronavirus\/what\u2010you\u2010need\u2010to\u2010know\/covid\u201019\u2010survey\u2010results\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jom.0000000000001999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22762"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.589914"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195399066.013.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Trends in number of COVID\u201019 cases in the U.S. reported to CDC, by state and territory","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972\u20106748.328791"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020).COVIDView Summary ending on June 20 2020.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019\u2010ncov\/covid\u2010data\/covidview\/past\u2010reports\/06262020.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001134"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse","author":"Freyd J. J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein E. Topitzes J. Brown R. L. &Jussel A. B.(2022).Mental health among university employees during the COVID\u201019 pandemic: The role of previous life trauma and current posttraumatic stress symptoms.Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy. Advance online publication.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001332","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001332"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01713"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000855"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525\u20101497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237713"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","unstructured":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health. (2020).Weekly COVID\u201019 public health report (Wednesday June 24 2020).https:\/\/archives.lib.state.ma.us\/bitstream\/handle\/2452\/828763\/on1151409367\u20102020\u201006\u201024.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpr.12223"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.5588"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23140"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"591","volume-title":"Oxford handbook of traumatic stress disorders","author":"Park C. L.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518805771"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2021.110244"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21778"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037564"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick B. G.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","unstructured":"Weathers F. W. Litz B. T. Keane T. M. Palmier P. A. Marx B. P. &Schnurr P. P.(2013).The PTSD Checklist for DSM\u20105 (PCL\u20105).https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/assessment\/adult\u2010sr\/ptsd\u2010checklist.asp"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","unstructured":"Yong E.(2021 November 16).Why health\u2010care workers are quitting in droves.The Atlantic.https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2021\/11\/the\u2010mass\u2010exodus\u2010of\u2010americas\u2010health\u2010care\u2010workers\/620713\/"}],"container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jts.22920","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jts.22920","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jts.22920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T16:35:53Z","timestamp":1707410153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jts.22920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jts.22920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22920","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-9867","1573-6598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-9867","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}