{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:48:00Z","timestamp":1774619280015,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tonic immobility (TI) is a defensive response that may occur during traumatic events. Although TI is adaptive in certain circumstances, it has been shown to contribute to increased trauma\u2010related symptoms and poorer recovery. However, current frontline treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have not focused significant attention on the experience of TI. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and test the impact of a brief TI\u2010focused psychoeducation (TIP) intervention on posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD symptoms relative to a health education control intervention. The sample included 46 adults with elevated PTSD symptoms who endorsed prior TI episodes. After providing informed consent, participants were randomly assigned to either the active or control intervention and completed self\u2010report questionnaires including the tonic immobility questionnaire (TIQ\u2010R), Life Events Checklist for <jats:italic>DSM\u20105<\/jats:italic> (LEC\u20105), Posttraumatic Stress Checklist for <jats:italic>DSM\u20105<\/jats:italic> (PCL\u20105), Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) at baseline, 1\u2010week, and 1\u2010month follow\u2010up assessments. Results from linear mixed effects models indicated that participants in the TIP condition\u00a0reported significantly larger reductions in posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD symptoms at 1\u2010week, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>s = 0.48 and 0.84, respectively, and 1\u2010month, <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>s = 0.67 and 0.74. The findings suggest that TIP is a promising intervention that may be used to reduce posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD symptoms associated with TI. Given the ease of access, TIP could be used as a standalone intervention or as an add\u2010on to existing evidence\u2010based treatments for PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T16:54:03Z","timestamp":1689785643000},"page":"896-906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Efficacy of a brief web\u2010based tonic immobility psychoeducation intervention among trauma\u2010exposed adults: A randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8363-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Morabito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norman B.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20462"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023272"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021\u2010843X.87.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2015.1075227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.601083"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Anxiety and its disorders","author":"Barlow D. H.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1406.5823"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/0144665031752934"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005\u20107967(99)00123\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014699"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037721"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrie O. Richardson T. Smart T. &Ellis\u2010Nee C.(2022).A validation of the PCL\u20135 questionnaire for PTSD in primary and secondary care. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy. Advance online publication.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001354","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001354"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040\u20103590.11.3.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195308501.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive\u2010behavioral therapy for PTSD","author":"Foa E. B.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.112.2.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534765611429079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes","author":"Lang P. J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615597332"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516\u20104446\u20102013\u20101267"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20102850.2008.00112.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638230500066356"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","volume-title":"Cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: A comprehensive manual","author":"Resick P. A.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036651"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","volume-title":"Tonic Immobility Questionnaire\u2013Revised","author":"Taylor S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.54.6.1063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","unstructured":"Weathers F. W. Blake D. D. Schnurr P. P. Kaloupek D. G. Marx B. P. &Keane T. M.(2013).The Life Events Checklist For DSM\u20105 (LEC\u20105).https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/assessment\/te\u2010measures\/life_events_checklist.asp"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","unstructured":"Weathers F. W. Litz B. T. Keane T. M. Palmier P. A. Marx B. P. &Schnurr P. P.(2013).The PTSD Checklist for DSM\u20105 (PCL\u20105).https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/assessment\/adult\u2010sr\/ptsd\u2010checklist.asp"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2015.1082003"}],"container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jts.22955","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T15:05:08Z","timestamp":1736780708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jts.22955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jts.22955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22955","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-9867","1573-6598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-9867","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}