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We examined resilience against military\u2010related stressors and 2\u2010year longitudinal associations with social isolation indicators; gender differences were also explored. U.S. military veterans (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 351, 70.4% men) who deployed to the wars in and around Iraq and Afghanistan following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (9\/11) were recruited as part of a longitudinal assessment study examining predictors of postdeployment adjustment. Using a residualization approach, resilience was approximated as low stressor reactivity (SR), calculated by regressing mental health onto military\u2010related stressor exposure. Military\u2010related stressors were significantly associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to both events during post\u20109\/11 deployment (deployment event) and outside of post\u20109\/11 deployment (other event), functional disability, and depression. After correcting for multiple comparisons, only SR derived from depressive symptoms predicted more closeness difficulties in social relationships longitudinally, <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 0.50, <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> =\u00a0.023. Women also demonstrated higher SR than men regarding other event\u2010related PTSD symptoms, <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.52, <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u00a0.001; functional disability, <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.28, <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> =\u00a0.028; and depression, <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.34, <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic> =\u00a0.012. Results suggest that veterans with higher depressogenic reactivity to military\u2010related stressors were more likely to endorse discomfort with closeness than those with lower depressogenic reactivity. Women veterans may also be more impacted by nondeployment traumatic distress, psychosocial dysfunction, and depression in response to military\u2010related stressors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.23111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T04:28:12Z","timestamp":1731644892000},"page":"146-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Longitudinal associations among resilience, social isolation, and gender in U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan\u2013era veterans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1340-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Metts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans  Waco Texas USA"},{"name":"Central Texas Veterans Health Care System  Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans  Waco Texas USA"},{"name":"Central Texas Veterans Health Care System  Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahel","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans  Waco Texas USA"},{"name":"Central Texas Veterans Health Care System  Waco Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzannah K.","family":"Creech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans  Waco Texas USA"},{"name":"Central Texas Veterans Health Care System  Waco Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Dell Medical School of the University of Texas  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health care","author":"Babor T. 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