{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T05:34:27Z","timestamp":1785648867544,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L30 MH120575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L30 MH120575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although empirical support for the <jats:italic>International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems<\/jats:italic> (11th ed.; <jats:italic>ICD\u201011<\/jats:italic>) distinction between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) is growing, research into the <jats:italic>ICD\u201011<\/jats:italic> CPTSD model in prison staff is lacking. This study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to (a) determine if there are distinct groups of trauma\u2010exposed prison governors (i.e., \u201cwardens\u201d in the United States and Canada) who have symptom profiles consistent with the distinction between PTSD and CPTSD and (b) identify predictors and posttraumatic maladaptive beliefs associated with the latent profiles. Trauma\u2010exposed prison governors (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0385) completed the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) and a measure of traumatic life events. LPA was used to extract profiles using the six ITQ symptom clusters and revealed four profiles: <jats:italic>CPTSD<\/jats:italic> (8.4%), <jats:italic>PTSD<\/jats:italic> (14.4%), <jats:italic>disturbances in self<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>organization<\/jats:italic> (DSO; 11.0%), and <jats:italic>low symptoms<\/jats:italic> (66.3%). Membership in the CPTSD and DSO profiles was associated with cumulative traumatization, odds ratios (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>)\u00a0=\u00a01.42 and <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.26, respectively, and poorer health, <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02.84 and <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.64, respectively, relative to the low symptom profile, and membership in the PTSD profile was associated with younger age, <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.91, relative to the low symptom profile. The CPTSD profile showed the highest level of posttraumatic maladaptive beliefs. This study yields empirical support for the <jats:italic>ICD\u201011<\/jats:italic> CPTSD model in prison staff. The results provide additional support for the validity of ITQ measurement of PTSD and CPTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.23128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T14:33:23Z","timestamp":1737038003000},"page":"305-316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>ICD\u201011<\/i> posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in a sample of prison staff: A latent profile approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2495-3952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Dhingra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Humanities and Social Sciences Leeds Beckett University  Leeds UK"},{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Boyda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Wolverhampton  Wolverhampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences Texas Tech University  Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294568"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.915181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22723"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1739873"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12956"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20444"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474504046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000921"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005\u20107967(99)00123\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113171"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"French S.(2015).Fair and sustainable?: The implications of work intensification for the wellbeing and effectiveness of PGA members[Research report].Prison Governors\u2019 Association.https:\/\/eprints.staffs.ac.uk\/5316\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2022.2037905"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191104269954"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000908"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127\u2010017\u20101350\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2023.101072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22457"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22934"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000436"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"A qualitative study exploring vicarious trauma in prison officers","volume":"251","author":"King A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prison Service Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","volume-title":"Survey of work\u2010related wellbeing","author":"Kinman G.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v4i0.22608"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2012.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2013.742377"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.3.767"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(12)62191\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471721182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","volume-title":"Mplus user's guide: Statistical analysis with latent variables, user's guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. 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W. Blake D. D. Schnurr P. P. Kaloupek D. G. Marx B. P. &Keane T. 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