{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T05:58:25Z","timestamp":1781330305269,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) assesses posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the disturbances in self\u2010organization (DSO) aspect of complex PTSD (CPTSD) per the\n                    <jats:italic>ICD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010\n                    <jats:italic>11<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study examined the ITQ's factor structure among violence\u2010 or abuse\u2010exposed women in Northern Ireland, a region with a history of conflict (i.e., \u201cthe Troubles\u201d), to validate its use in this unique sociopolitical context. The sample consisted of the 542 women who participated in the Violence Against Women and Girls Survey in Northern Ireland. All participants completed the ITQ and reported lifetime experiences of various forms of violence and abuse. Construct validity was assessed by testing four models of ITQ's factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Regression analyses were performed on the factors from the two best\u2010fitting CFA models to predict PTSD and DSO scores using age and types of violence as predictors. The two\u2010factor second\u2010order model and the correlated six\u2010factor first\u2010order model both showed good fit. Factor loadings indicated that all ITQ items adequately measured their intended constructs, \u03bbs =\u00a0.697\u2212.973. Regression analyses on both models revealed that physical violence, sexual violence, and digital abuse significantly predicted both PTSD and DSO scores, with stalking predictive of PTSD only, two\u2010factor second\u2010order model: \u03b2s =\u00a0.118\u2212.244, correlated model: \u03b2s =\u00a0.101\u2212.287. Findings suggest that the ITQ is a reliable and valid tool for assessing PTSD and DSO in women living in Northern Ireland. Associations with violence types showed partial differences and overlap, highlighting value in examining PTSD and CPTSD regarding specific trauma types.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.70052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T15:30:16Z","timestamp":1771601416000},"page":"413-425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testing the factor structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire in a sample of violence\u2010exposed women living in Northern Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Marcin","family":"Owczarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Law Teesside University  Middlesbrough UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-5223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Shevlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Ulster University  Coleraine Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie\u2010Ann","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Impact Research Centre Ulster University  Coleraine Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngozi","family":"Anyadike\u2010Danes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Ulster University  Coleraine Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"McCartan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Impact Research Centre Ulster University  Coleraine Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Lagdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Ulster University  Coleraine Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vio.2017.0056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.107.2.238"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s44263\u2010024\u201000060\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21766"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203774762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1930961"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12956"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpsp.12198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567\u2010009\u20100041\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.7.1.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082\u2010989X.9.4.466"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1606625"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22943"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000908"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0099397"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"Lagdon S. Owczarek M. McCartan C. Anyadike\u2010Danes N. Shevlin M. &Jordan J.\u2010A.(2023).Every voice matters! Violence against women in Northern Ireland.https:\/\/www.impactresearchcentre.co.uk\/site\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/violence_report_singles.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428\u2010015\u20100619\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478722"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026211018194"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"Mental Health Foundation & Office of Mental Health Champion. (2023).Mental health in Northern Ireland: Fundamental facts.https:\/\/www.mentalhealth.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2023\u201010\/Northern%20Ireland%20Fundamental%20Facts%20October%202023.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20417"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764007078340"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"Mplus: statistical analysis with latent variables: User's guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.7.488"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215\u20100366(15)00240\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215\u20100366(16)30261\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2019.1689718"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359\u2010020\u201000501\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14090856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102381"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466503322528955"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316226964"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick B. G.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03063968241300088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2024 July 29).Adolescent girls face alarming rates of intimate partner violence.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/29\u201007\u20102024\u2010adolescent\u2010girls\u2010face\u2010alarming\u2010rates\u2010of\u2010intimate\u2010partner\u2010violence"}],"container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jts.70052","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jts.70052","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jts.70052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T05:31:44Z","timestamp":1781328704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jts.70052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jts.70052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.70052","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-9867","1573-6598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-9867","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}