{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T13:45:01Z","timestamp":1792331101245,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Traumatic Stress"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Written exposure therapy (WET) is an evidence\u2010based, trauma\u2010focused psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that has been tested with several trauma\u2010exposed samples. Although many individuals who receive WET and other trauma\u2010focused psychotherapies experience a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms, there remains room for improvement given that a meaningful proportion of individuals continue to meet the diagnostic criteria following treatment. Adjunctive interventions that can be easily combined with trauma\u2010focused psychotherapies for PTSD may improve treatment outcomes. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive neurostimulation intervention that has demonstrated preliminary evidence of reducing PTSD symptoms. In this study, we combined WET with tDCS to treat PTSD in a pilot randomized clinical trial. Participants (\n                    <jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic>\n                    25) received five WET sessions and were randomized to active or sham tDCS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Results showed no statistically significant group differences in PTSD symptom reductions at 1\u2010month follow\u2010up, as assessed using the Clinician\u2010Administered PTSD Scale for\n                    <jats:italic>DSM\u20105<\/jats:italic>\n                    or PTSD Checklist for\n                    <jats:italic>DSM\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    5 (PCL\u20105),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    s =\u00a0.573\u2013.619, and both treatment groups demonstrated significant PTSD improvements,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    s &lt;\u00a0.001, at the final assessment point. However, there was a significant two\u2010way interaction for the PCL\u20105,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a0.010. Deconstruction of this interaction showed that WET with tDCS had an accelerated effect, with larger PTSD symptom reductions occurring earlier in treatment relative to WET with sham tDCS. The findings highlight the potential of tDCS to accelerate PTSD outcomes when combined with WET and support conducting larger randomized clinical trials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.70132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T13:10:23Z","timestamp":1792329023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Written exposure therapy augmented with transcranial direct current stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8875-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey L.","family":"Straud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology College for Health Community and Policy The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Joe and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"},{"name":"Research and Development Services South Texas Veterans Health Care System  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8800-1432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiara H.","family":"Buccellato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology College for Health Community and Policy The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Joe and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain MIRECC for Suicide Prevention, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1519-4448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Joe and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3327-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacey","family":"Young\u2010McCaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Joe and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5810-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C.","family":"Moring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Joe and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7948-7311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PTSD Clinic South Texas Veterans Health Care System  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2259-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia R.","family":"Carreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Joe and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6772-1748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Lodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Joe and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6689-6258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Morilak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Joe and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8988-1796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian P.","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Science Division, National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0962-478X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise M.","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Science Division, National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan L.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology College for Health Community and Policy The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Joe and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine The University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"},{"name":"Research and Development Services South Texas Veterans Health Care System  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the STRONG STAR Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2023.102300"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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