{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T21:30:37Z","timestamp":1783027837237,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]],"date-time":"2017-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Ultrasound Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare cervical volume measurements by 3\u2010dimensional (3D) sonography using Virtual Organ computer\u2010aided analysis (VOCAL; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) versus a manual method using a geometric formula for a frustum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 142 asymptomatic pregnant women at 16 to 24 weeks gestation at high risk for preterm birth. With a Voluson 730 Expert system (GE Healthcare), they underwent 2\u2010dimensional (2D) transvaginal sonographic cervical length measurements and 3D cervical volume acquisition. The stored volumes were processed by VOCAL on a surface tablet. Cervical volume was manually calculated from the 2D images by using the formula <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091\/3\u2009\u00d7\u2009\u03c0\u2009\u00d7\u2009<jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u00d7\u2009(<jats:italic>r1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009+\u2009<jats:italic>r2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009+\u2009<jats:italic>r1<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u00d7\u2009<jats:italic>r2<\/jats:italic>), where <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic> represents cervical volume; \u03c0 was approximated as 3.14159; <jats:italic>h<\/jats:italic>, cervical length; <jats:italic>r1<\/jats:italic>, radius at the internal os; and <jats:italic>r2<\/jats:italic>, radius at the external os.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cervical volume was lower when obtained manually than by VOCAL, with a coefficient of variation of 30%, a mean difference of 10.1\u2009\u00b1\u200914.9\u2009cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001), and a poor interclass correlation coefficient of 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31 to 0.78). Both methods had good reproducibility; however, VOCAL had wider limits of agreement. A positive correlation was found between both methods (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.63; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001). No correlation was found between cervical length by 2D transvaginal ultrasound and cervical volume by the VOCAL technique (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.06; 95% CI, \u22120.10 to 0.22) or cervical volume by the manual method (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.2; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.39).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cervix represents a frustum (truncated cone, r1 is not equal to r2) in shape rather than a cylinder. Both methods are reproducible; VOCAL is less reliable but provides higher values of cervical volume.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]],"date-time":"2017-06-06T15:43:03Z","timestamp":1496763783000},"page":"2209-2217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sonographic Measurement of Cervical Volume in Pregnant Women at High Risk of Preterm Birth Using a Geometric Formula for a Frustum Versus 3\u2010Dimensional Automated Virtual Organ Computer\u2010Aided Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Ahmed I.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan 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