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An ultrasound\u2010triggered bulk\u2010release system to combat postsurgical bacterial survival was designed and evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polylactic acid (PLA) clips were loaded with vancomycin (VAN) and microbubbles (Sonazoid, GE HealthCare) in vitro. Stability was determined over 14\u2009days. VAN\u2010loaded clips were submerged in water and insonated using a Logiq E10 scanner (GE HealthCare) with a curvilinear C6 probe. Doppler\u2010induced VAN release was quantified using spectrophotometry. For in vivo testing, clips were loaded with methylene blue (MeB) solution and Sonazoid. These clips were implanted into a rabbit along the spine at L2 and L5, as well as a pig at L1 and L3, then insonated in Doppler mode using the C6 probe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sonazoid microbubbles were better preserved when incubated in VAN compared with distilled water at 4\u00b0C, 25\u00b0C, and 37\u00b0C incubation temperatures (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.0131). Contrast enhancement was observed from both solutions when incubated at 4\u00b0C storage conditions. Insonated clips achieved average cumulative VAN release of 101.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8% (81.4\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8\u2009mg) after 72\u2009hours. Uninsonated clips had only 0.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1% (0.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009mg) average cumulative VAN release (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001). Clips retrieved from the rabbit did not rupture with insonation nor produce MeB staining of surrounding tissues. In the pig, the PLA film was visibly ruptured and MeB tissue was observed following insonation, whereas the uninsonated clip was intact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results demonstrate ultrasound\u2010triggered release of an encapsulated prophylactic solution and provide an important proof\u2010of\u2010concept for continuing large animal evaluations for translational merit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T13:45:38Z","timestamp":1685454338000},"page":"2357-2368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Ultrasound\u2010Triggered Release From Novel Spinal Device"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6794-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren J.","family":"Delaney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selin","family":"Isguven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6836-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Hilliard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quezia","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science &amp; Health Systems Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian E.","family":"Oeffinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science &amp; Health Systems Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Schaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noreen J.","family":"Hickok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Kurtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science &amp; Health Systems Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Exponent, Inc.  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