{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:06:04Z","timestamp":1790744764762,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015690","name":"South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Ultrasound Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a vascular defect common in preterm infants and often requires treatment to avoid associated long\u2010term morbidities. Echocardiography is the primary tool used to diagnose and monitor PDA. We trained a deep learning model to identify PDA presence in relevant echocardiographic images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Echocardiography video clips (n\u2009=\u20092527) in preterm infants were reviewed by a pediatric cardiologist and those relevant to PDA diagnosis were selected and labeled (PDA present\/absent\/indeterminate). We trained a convolutional neural network to classify each echocardiography frame of a clip as belonging to clips with or without PDA. A novel attention mechanism that aggregated predictions for all frames in each clip to obtain a clip\u2010level prediction by weighting relevant frames.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In early model iterations, we discovered training with color Doppler echocardiography clips produced the best performing classifier. For model training and validation, 1145 such clips from 66 patients (661 PDA+ clips, 484 PDA\u2212 clips) were used. Our best classifier for clip level performance obtained sensitivity of 0.80 (0.83\u20130.90), specificity of 0.77 (0.62\u20130.92) and AUC of 0.86 (0.83\u20130.90). Study level performance obtained sensitivity of 0.83 (0.72\u20130.94), specificity of 0.89 (0.79\u20131.0) and AUC of 0.93 (0.89\u20130.98).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our novel deep learning model demonstrated strong performance in classifying echocardiography clips with and without PDA. Further model development and external validation are warranted. Ultimately, integration of such a classifier into auto detection software could streamline PDA imaging workflow. This work is the first step toward semi\u2010automated, bedside detection of PDA in preterm infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T07:19:36Z","timestamp":1689319176000},"page":"2707-2713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Automated Identification of Patent Ductus Arteriosus Using a Computer Vision Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3913-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Erno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Baltimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Lineberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Clemson University  Clemson South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Hudson","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Clemson University  Clemson South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Hamilton","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.592063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2004.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y73-031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199805000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.133140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.118117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01163-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3730"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2018.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9040114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.09.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2009.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2015.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.01.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2022.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmed.2022.100054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2021.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.1.e3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01640-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztaa017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0076-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01258-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jum.16305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T18:55:44Z","timestamp":1700765744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jum.16305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jum.16305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jum.16305","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-4297","1550-9613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-4297","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-9613","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}